1、Standard Method of Test for MoistureDensity Relations of Soils Using a 4.54-kg (10-lb) Rammer and a 457-mm (18-in.) Drop AASHTO Designation: T 180-18 Technical Section: 1b, Geotechnical Exploration, Instrumentation, Stabilization, and Field Testing Release: Group 3 (August) American Association of S
2、tate Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-1b T 180-1 AASHTO Standard Method of Test for MoistureDensity Relations of Soils Using a 4.54-kg (10-lb) Rammer and a 457-mm (18-in.) Drop AASHTO Designation: T 180-18 Technical Section: 1b,
3、Geotechnical Exploration, Instrumentation, Stabilization, and Field Testing Release: Group 3 (August) 1. SCOPE 1.1. This method of test is intended for determining the relationship between the moisture content and density of soils when compacted in a given mold of a given size with a 4.54-kg (10-lb)
4、 rammer dropped from a height of 457 mm (18 in.). Four alternate procedures are provided as follows: Method AA 101.60-mm (4-in.) mold: Soil material passing a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve (see Sections 4 and 5); Method BA 152.40-mm (6-in.) mold: Soil material passing a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve (see Sections 6
5、 and 7); Method CA 101.60-mm (4-in.) mold: Soil material passing a 19.0-mm (0.75-in.) sieve (see Sections 8 and 9); or Method DA 152.40-mm (6-in.) mold: Soil material passing a 19.0-mm (0.75-in.) sieve (see Sections 10 and 11). 1.2. The method to be used should be indicated in the specifications for
6、 the material being tested. If no method is specified, the provisions of Method A shall govern. 1.3. This test method applies to soil mixtures that have 40 percent or less retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve, when Method A or B is used and 30 percent or less retained on the 19.0-mm (0.75-in.) siev
7、e, when Method C or D is used. Material retained on these sieves shall be defined as oversize particles (coarse particles). 1.4. If the test specimen contains oversized particles, dry density and moisture corrections must be made in accordance with Annex A1. The person or agency specifying this meth
8、od may specify a minimum percentage of oversized particles above which a correction must be applied. If no minimum percentage is specified, correction for the oversized particles shall be applied to material containing more than 5 percent by weight of oversized particles. 1.5. If the specified overs
9、ized particle maximum percentage is exceeded, other methods of compaction control must be used. Note 1One method for the design and control of the compaction of such soils is to use a test fill to determine the required degree of compaction and a method to obtain that compaction. Then use a method s
10、pecification to control the compaction by specifying the type and size of compaction equipment, the lift thickness, and the number of passes. 2018 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 180-
11、2 AASHTO 1.6. The following applies to all specified limits in this standard: For the purposes of determining conformance with these specifications, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded off “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand place of figures used in expressing the limit
12、ing value, in accordance with ASTM E29. 1.7. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS2.1. AASHTO Standards: M 231, Weighing Devices Used in the Testing of Materials R 76, Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size T 19M/T 19, Bulk Density (“Unit We
13、ight”) and Voids in Aggregate T 85, Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate T 217, Determination of Moisture in Soils by Means of Calcium Carbide Gas PressureMoisture Tester T 255, Total Evaporable Moisture Content of Aggregate by Drying T 265, Laboratory Determination of Moisture Conten
14、t of Soils T 310, In-Place Density and Moisture Content of Soil and SoilAggregate by Nuclear2.2. Methods (Shallow Depth) ASTM Standards: D2168, Standard Test Methods for Calibration of Laboratory Mechanical-Rammer Soil Compactors E11, Standard Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test S
15、ieves E29, Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications 3. APPARATUS3.1. Mold Assembly (Mold, Collar, and Baseplate)Molds shall be solid-wall, metal cylindersmanufactured with dimensions and capacities shown in Sections 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 and
16、in Figures 1and 2 below. They shall have a detachable collar approximately 60 mm (2.375 in.) in height, topermit preparation of compacted specimens of soil-water mixtures of the desired height andvolume. The mold and collar shall be so constructed that it can be fastened firmly to a detachablebase p
17、late made of the same material (Note 2). The base plate shall be plane to 0.13 mm(0.005 in.) as shown in Figures 1 and 2.Note 2Alternate types of mold assemblies with volumes as stipulated herein may be used,provided the test results are correlated with those of the solid-wall mold on several soil t
18、ypes andthe same moisturedensity results are obtained. Records of such correlation shall be maintainedand readily available for inspection when alternate types of molds are used.3.1.1. Molds having a volume of 0.000943 0.000014 m3(0.0333 0.0005 ft3) shall have an insidediameter of 101.60 0.40 mm (4.
19、000 0.016 in.) and a height of 116.40 0.50 mm (4.584 0.018 in.) (Figure 1). Determine mold volume in accordance with the “Calibration of Measure”section of T 19M/T 19 for Unit Mass of Aggregate.3.1.2. Molds having a volume of 0.002124 0.000025 m3(0.0750 0.0009 ft3) shall have an insidediameter of 15
20、2.40 0.70 mm (6.000 0.026 in.) and a height of 116.40 0.50 mm (4.584 0.018 in.) (Figure 2). Determine mold volume in accordance with the “Calibration of Measure”section of T 19M/T 19 for Unit Mass of Aggregate. 2018 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All right
21、s reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 180-3 AASHTO Notes: 1. All dimensions shown in millimeters unless otherwise noted. 2. Hanger on the mold portion only cannot extend above the midheight line. 3. Figure 1 is to be used for all compaction molds purchased after the public
22、ation of the 21st edition (HM-21). 4. Not to scale. Figure 1Cylindrical Mold and Base Plate (101.60-mm Mold) 2018 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 180-4 AASHTO Notes: 1. All dimensions
23、 are shown in millimeters unless otherwise noted. 2. Hanger on the mold portion only cannot extend above the midheight line. 3. Figure 2 is to be used for all compaction molds purchased after the publication of the 21st edition (HM-21). 4. Not to scale. Figure 2Cylindrical Mold and Base Plate (152.4
24、0-mm Mold) 2018 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 180-5 AASHTO Table 1Dimensional Equivalents for Figure 1 mm in. mm in. mm in. 3.18 0.64 0.125 0.025 17.78 1.27 0.700 0.050 107.95 1.27
25、4.250 0.050 3.81 0.150 20.32 0.800 114.30 2.54 4.500 0.100 6.35 1.27 0.250 0.050 38.10 2.54 1.500 0.100 116.43 0.13 4.584 0.005 7.62 0.300 50.80 0.64 2.000 0.025 152.40 2.54 6.000 0.100 9.53 0.64 0.375 0.025 60.33 1.27 2.375 0.050 165.10 2.54 6.500 0.100 12.70 2.54 0.500 0.100 101.60 0.41 4.000 0.01
26、6 172.72 2.54 6.800 0.100 0.000943 0.000009 m30.0333 0.0005 ft3Table 2Dimensional Equivalents for Figure 2 mm in. mm in. mm in. 3.18 0.64 0.125 0.025 17.78 1.27 0.700 0.050 152.40 0.66 6.000 0.026 3.81 0.150 20.32 0.800 158.75 1.27 6.250 0.050 6.35 1.27 0.250 0.050 38.10 2.54 1.500 0.100 165.10 2.54
27、 6.500 0.100 7.62 0.300 50.80 0.64 2.000 0.025 172.72 2.54 6.800 0.100 9.53 0.64 0.375 0.025 60.33 1.27 2.375 0.050 203.23 2.54 8.000 0.100 12.70 2.54 0.500 0.100 116.43 0.13 4.584 0.005 215.90 2.54 8.500 0.100 0.002124 0.000025 m30.0750 0.0009 ft33.2. Rammer: 3.2.1. Manually OperatedMetal rammer wi
28、th a mass of 4.536 0.009 kg (10.00 0.02 lb) (Note 3) and having a flat circular face of 50.80 mm (2.000 in.) diameter with a manufacturing tolerance of 0.25 mm (0.01 in.). The in-service diameter of the flat circular face shall be not less than 50.42 mm (1.985 in.). The rammer shall be equipped with
29、 a suitable guide sleeve to control the height of drop to a free fall 457 2 mm (18.00 0.06 in.) above the elevation of the soil. The guide sleeve shall have at least four vent holes, no smaller than 9.5-mm (0.375-in.) diameter, spaced approximately 90 degrees (1.57 rad) apart from each end, and shal
30、l provide sufficient clearance so the free fall of the rammer shaft and head is unrestricted. 3.2.2. Mechanically OperatedA metal rammer that is equipped with a device to control the height of drop to a free fall of 457 2 mm (18.00 0.06 in.) above the elevation of the soil, and uniformly distributes
31、 such drops to the soil surface (Note 3). The rammer shall have a mass of 4.536 0.009 kg (10.00 0.02 lb) (Note 2) and have a flat circular face of 50.80 mm (2.000 in.) diameter with a manufacturing tolerance of 0.25 mm (0.01 in.). The in-service diameter of the flat circular face shall be not less t
32、han 50.42 mm (1.985 in.). The mechanical rammer shall be calibrated by ASTM D2168 to give the same moisturedensity results as with a manually operated rammer. Note 3The mechanical rammer apparatus shall be calibrated with several soil types and the mass of the rammer adjusted, if necessary, to give
33、the same moisturedensity results as with the manually operated rammer. It may be impractical to adjust the mechanical apparatus so the free fall is 457 mm (18 in.) each time the rammer is dropped, as with the manually operated rammer. To make the adjustment of free fall, the portion of loose soil to
34、 receive the initial blow should be slightly compressed with the rammer to establish the point of impact from which the 457-mm (18-in.) drop is determined; subsequent blows on the layer of soil being compacted may all be applied by dropping the rammer from a height of 457 mm (18 in.) above the initi
35、al-setting elevation, or when the mechanical apparatus is designed with a height adjustment for each blow, all subsequent blows should have a rammer free fall of 457 mm (18 in.) measured from the elevation of the soil as compacted by the previous blow. A more detailed calibration procedure for labor
36、atory mechanical rammer soil compactors can be found in ASTM D2168. 2018 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 180-6 AASHTO 3.2.3. Rammer FaceThe circular face rammer shall be used but a se
37、ctor face rammer may be used as an alternative provided that the report shall indicate type of face used other than the 50.8-mm (2-in.) circular face, and that the sector face rammer shall have an area equal to that of the circular face rammer. The in-service area of sector face rammers shall be sta
38、ndardized and yield a surface area within 1.5 percent of the area of the 50.8-mm (2-in.) circular face rammer. 3.3. Sample Extruder (for Solid-Walled Molds Only)A jack, lever, frame, or other device adapted for the purpose of extruding compacted specimen from the mold. 3.4. Balances and ScalesA bala
39、nce or scale conforming to the requirements of M 231, Class G 5. Also, a balance conforming to the requirements of M 231, Class G 2. Note 4The capacity of the metric balance or scale should be approximately 11.5 kg (25 lb) when used to determine the mass of the 152-mm (6-in.) mold and compacted, moi
40、st soil; however, when the 102-mm (4-in.) mold is used, a balance or scale of lesser capacity than 11.5 kg may be used, if the sensitivity and readability are 1 g. 3.5. Drying OvenA thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 110 5C (230 9F) for drying moisture sa
41、mples. 3.6. StraightedgeA hardened steel straightedge at least 250 mm (10 in.) in length. It shall have one beveled edge, and at least one longitudinal surface (used for final trimming) shall be plane within 0.1 percent of the length within the portion used for trimming the soil (Note 5). Note 5The
42、beveled edge may be used for final trimming if the edge is true within a tolerance of 0.25 mm per 250 mm (0.1 percent) of length; however, with continued use, the cutting edge may become excessively worn and not suitable for trimming the soil to the level of the mold. The straightedge should not be
43、so flexible that trimming the soil surface with the cutting edge will cause a concave soil surface. 3.7. Sieves19.0-mm (0.75-in.), and 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieves conforming to the requirements of ASTM E11. 3.8. Mixing ToolsMiscellaneous tools such as mixing pan, spoon, trowel, spatula, etc., or a suitab
44、le mechanical device for thoroughly mixing the sample of soil with increments of water. 3.9. ContainersSuitable containers made of material resistant to corrosion and not subject to change in mass or disintegration on repeated heating and cooling. Containers shall have close-fitting lids to prevent
45、loss of moisture from samples before initial mass determination and to prevent absorption of moisture from the atmosphere following drying and before final mass determination. One container is needed for each moisture content determination. METHOD A 4. SAMPLE 4.1. Obtain a representative sample. Thi
46、s sample must be large enough that when the oversized (retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve) particles are removed 3 kg (7 lb) or more of the sample remains. 4.2. Dry the sample until it becomes friable under a trowel. Drying may be in air or by use of a drying apparatus that is maintained at a tem
47、perature not exceeding 60C (140F). Thoroughly break up the aggregation in such a manner as to avoid reducing the natural size of individual particles. 2018 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-
48、1b T 180-7 AASHTO 4.3. Sieve the soil over the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. When the sample has oversized particles, particles retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve, refer to the Annex A1. Reduce the sample, to a mass of 3 kg (7 lb) or more in accordance with R 76. 5. PROCEDURE 5.1. Determine the mass of
49、the mold and base plate to the nearest 1 g (0.005 lb). 5.2. Thoroughly mix the selected representative sample with sufficient water to dampen it to approximately four to eight percentage points below optimum moisture content. Note 6When developing a compaction curve for free-draining soils, such as uniform sands and gravels, where seepage occurs a
