1、AIIM TRI2 8 M 1012348 OOOObLb b M AIIM TRI 2-1 988 O0 O0 Q) F M E E I a I I Bar Coding on Microfiche for Production and Dynamic Distribution Control Technical Report NIM Association for tnformation and Image Management 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100 Silver Spring, Maryland 2091 O _ Teiephone301/587-8
2、202 AIIM TRL2 88 LO12348 OOOObL 8 AIIM TRI 2-1 988 Technical Report for Information and Image Management - Bar Coding on Microfiche for Production and Dynamic Distribution Control Association for Information and Image Management This technical report discusses the present and potential uses of bar c
3、odes on microfiche and their location and orientation for controlling duplication and diskibution. - - - AIIM TRI2 8 = 1012348 OOOOhL T Table of Contents Foreword . i 1. Scope 1 2. References 1 2.1 American National Standards . 1 2.2 Other Referenced Publications . 1 2.3 Related Publications . 1 3.
4、Definitions . 1 4. General Description of Bar Codes . 2 5. Bar Code Generation 2 6. Placement and Definition of Bar Code Area. . 4 7. Uses of Bar Codes on Microfiche . 6 7.1 General . 6 7.2 Current Uses 6 7.3 Future Uses . 6 7.4 Advantages of Bar Code Systems Currently Used in Micrographics Applicat
5、ions 6 7.5 Potential Advantages of Other Bar Codes for Micrographics Systems 6 8. Selection Criteria., 6 . I Appendix. General Description of Currently Used Bar Codes 8 Foreword Bar codes have a variety of ses and barc ling sys- tems are becoming more commonplace. Several AIIM technical committees p
6、roposed developing a technical report to address bar code applications as used in micro- graphics. However, there were not any common applica- tions or approaches. The chairman of the C9 Microgra- phic Encoding Committee, Marvin Reid, was asked to prepare a technical report to address bar coding on
7、micro- fiche used to control their duplication and distribution. In addition, information about the various coding sys- tems, the location of the codes and definitions were to be included in the technical report. As the technology expands, so do the uses of bar codes. Today they are used to input in
8、dex or identifica- tion data directly into CAR systems. Other developments in image management systems will undoubtedly develop. Suggestions for improvement gained from the use of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Chairman, AIIM Standards Board, Association for Information and Im
9、age Management, 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100, Silver Spring, Md. 20910. At the time this technical report was approved, the AIIM Standards Board had the following members: Marilyn Courtot, Chair Thomas C. Bagg Thomas E. Berney Joseph Comiskey Delmar R. Johnson Alan S. Linden William E. Neale Marcus
10、 Phillips Dale O. Rupp 1 - .; AIIM TRI2 88 I LOL2348 OOOObL L Technical Report for Information and Image Management-Bar Coding on Microfiche for Production and Dynamic Distribution Control, AIIM TR12-1988 i. Scope This technical report discusses the present and poten- tial uses of bar codes on micro
11、fiche and their location and orientation for controlling duplication and distribution. A brief description of bar codes in general is also included. 2. References All standards are subject to revision, When the following documents are superseded by an approved revi- sion, that revision may apply. 2.
12、1 American National Standards ANSI/AIiM MS5-1985, American National Standard for Information and Image Management-Microfiche. 2.2 Other Referenced Publications AIIM TR2-1980, Association for Information and Image Management Technical Report-Glossary of Micro- graphics. Association for Information an
13、d Image Management, 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100, Silver Spring, Md. 20910. AIM M-3, Glossary of Automatic Identification Terms, Automatic Identification Manufacturers, Inc., 1326 Freeport Road, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15328. 2.3 Related Publications Reid, Marvin A. Bar Code on Microfiche. INFORM, l(5): 20
14、-23, May, 1987. Bar code. An array of rectangular bars and spaces in a predetermined pattern. Bar code symbol. A graphic (printed or photographically reproduced) code composed of parallel “bars” and “spaces” or light and dark bars of various widths or lengths intended for use in item identification
15、for automated processing. Bidirectional code. A code symbology that permits reading in complementary (either) direction across the bars and spaces. Binary coded decimal (BCD). Positional notation in which the individual symbols express a number in decimal notation as a binary numeral; e.g., the numb
16、er 23 is represented by O010 O01 1 in the hexadecimal 8-4-2-1 type of binary-coded decimal notation and 101 11 in binary notation. Character. A letter, digit, or other symbol/sign that is used as part of the organization, control, or representa- tion of data. Check digit. A calculated character incl
17、uded in a code that is used for error detection. Code density. The number of characters or symbols that can appear per unit of length. Code element. A defined bar code array used to repre- sent a binary state of zero or one. Code reader or scanner. A device used to read and iden- tify a pattern of c
18、oded information. Continuous code. A bar code in which the intercharacter space is part of the code. Discrete code. A bar code in which the intercharacter space is not a part of the code and is allowed to vary dimensionally within wide tolerances. Dynamic distribution control (DDC). Mechanization of
19、 the duplication and distribution process. 3. Definitions The foliowing definitions explain common terms used by manufacturers of bar code equipment and by designers of bar code formats. Other definitions essential for the clarification of this technical report may be found in AIIM TR2-1980, Glossar
20、y of Micrographics and in AIM M-3, Glossary of Automatic Identification Terms. Bar. The dark element in a bar code. Can be either wide or narrow, high or low. Alternates with white spaces. See Space. Element. An individual bar or space in a bar code. Combin- ations of elements make up characters. Se
21、e Character. First read rate. The percentage of correct readings that will be obtained in one scan across a bar code per 1,000 attempts. Immediate (as used for describing a DDC Code). Per- tains to a bar code which is recognized directly by the duplicator to indicate the number of copies and collati
22、on requirements. AIIM TRII2 88 LOI12348 0000b20 8 Job select codes. Codes read by the duplicator that in- dicate a job number which has been entered into a con- troller memory unit containing the detailed instructions on number of copies, types of collation, etc. This infor- mation is then used to i
23、nstruct the duplicator. These codes can be used at any time to repeat a duplication run. The use of PCs and micros to control the duplicator is becom- ing popular. Module. The minimum size bar or space used to form a character or symbol. Parity mark($ or bar($. An additional character includ- ed wit
24、hin the bar code for the purposes of code verifica- tion. This is similar to a check digit except that it is limited to either one of two states whereas a check digit is not. Space. The white element in a bar code. Can be either wide or narrow. Alternates with bars to make up a code symbol. See Bar.
25、 2 or 3 job frame select. The 2 or 3 represents the length of header area required for the code that is the equivalent of 2 or 3 frames in length. Unidirectional code. A code format that permits reading only in one direction. 4. General Description of Bar Codes Bar codes have been used for many year
26、s for many types of identification purposes such as inventory con- trol, point of sales automation, file management, mail sorting, document retrieval as well as many types of pro- cess control such as microfiche production, automated manufacturing, and so on. There are some two hundred types of bar
27、codes or symbologies discussed in current literature. In general, only about two dozen of these symbologies are widely used. The symbologies can contain a few characters such as the numerals O through 9 plus several control symbols to more complex space/bar arrangements permitting sets of up to 128
28、characters and symbols. There are two major bar code designs. The most familiar and oldest standardized bar code is the univer- sal product code (UPC), which was developed over fif- teen years ago by the Retail Grocers Association, and is now used by the National Retailers Association. It has achiev
29、ed world wide acceptance by being considered a subset of the European Article Number (EAN). This type of bar code symbology uses a series of accurately specified bar and space width combinations (modules) for each symbol. For these codes the lengths (height) of the bars is immaterial provided they a
30、re long enough to be sensed by the scanner. The critical parameters are the ratio of bar widths to space widths and the contrast between them. Therefore, some symbols may be relatively short in height 1/4 inch or less while others are very large such as those on cartons or freight cars. Besides the
31、UPC which is proprietary, there are the 3 of 9 codes (sometimes called Code 39) required by the Defense Department for certain parts handling, Codabar used by blood banks, 2 of 5 interleave, (a simplified numeric code), and many others. These types of codes are used by the automobile in- dustry, hea
32、lth care industry, automated manufacturers, film processors, and so on. Most of these groups con- tinue to discuss what standard symbology they will use. For some examples of variable bar and space width codes, see Figure 1. For more details and industry standards, information is available from the
33、Automatic Identifica- tion Manufacturers, Inc. The second bar code design uses equal width bars and spaces. There are two variations: (1) the bars are full or half height where usually the full height bar indicates a 1 and a half height a O, and (2) codes are represented by half height bars where a
34、1 may be the upper half bar and a O the lower half bar with full bars representing in- structions. In this system each bar represents a binary bit and may be coded as a hexadecimal number or pure binary number. See Figure 2 for illustrations. A form of this type of code is used by the US. Postal Ser
35、vice for their zip + 4 mail handling. This particular set of symbologies is proprietary. Equal width but full or half height bar code symbologies are most commonly used to automate the duplication and distribution of microfiche because they can easily be generated by a COM unit. However, there is on
36、e system that uses thin and twice as thick bars. Manufacturers use variations of the bar codes mak- ing many of them unique. Attempts to establish a univer- sal bar code for this type of microfiche production have been unsuccessful other than to establish a uniform posi- tion for bar codes on the mi
37、crofiche. Most COM devices manufactured today can produce one or more of these bar codes and many duplicators can read a number of different bar code symbologies. 5. Bar Code Generation The bar code for microfiche process control is most commonly generated by a COM unit and appears in the title area
38、 as a solid or clear bar depending on whether 2 AIIM TR12 B 1012348 0000b21 T m 12 BAR CODE SYMBOLOGIES 50500 High Density (9.4 CPI) 12345ABCDE Medium Density (5.93 CPI) 111111111111 11111 1111111111111111111111111111111 IlIll 1111111 12345ABCDE Low Density (4.01 CPI) I ABCDE12345 Il1111 Il111 IlIll
39、 11111 IlIll IlIlIl IlIll IlIll II 111 Il111 Ill Ill1 Shipping Code (size reducedactual size is 5 7/8“ in length) High Density (13.5 GPI) 11111111111111111111lllllllll 1234567890 O00 12345 67890 5 “nlliiifiliiiiiiii 1234567890 Low Density (5.7 CPI) Ill1 Ill Ill II Il I111 Ill IlIl I111 1234567890 Ve
40、rsion A with 5-digit supplement Version A with Pdigit supplement EAN Bookland Code Version A Regular Coupon Code 1231i56 _ _ ISBN 0-9400Lb-25-7 Regular NDC (National Drug Code) Verslon Version E N 3 12345-678-90 6 Medium Density (7.5 GPI) Low Density (5.7 CPI) 11111 1234567890 t 11111111 II I I II 1
41、1111 Illlli I I11111 I Il I I BAR CODE FORMAT DESIGNED AND PRODUCED BY VISUAL TYPOGRAPHICS, A DIVISION OF PAMA ENTERPRISES, INC. 875 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10001 (212) 594-1115 FAX (212) 736-0908 Figure i. Examples of Bar Code Symbologies (variable bar and space widths) AIIM TR12 1OL23
42、LiB 0000622 1 = the master is positive or negative, respectively. In prac- tice, most COM units can only generate small individual elements of composed blocks. A bar is usually made up of a series of tightly packed blocks (see Figure 3 for an example) and often the readability of the bar code depend
43、s on how much dark or clear area the blocks present, Most bar codes require a density differential (AD) of 0.6 minimum and 0.9 optimum to be read consistent- ly. This fact becomes more critical when using a code such as 3 of 9 with wide and narrow bars. Not only must the density differential be suff
44、icient but the blooming and fading, the tendency of the bars to be wider or narrower than specified, must be closely controlled to ensure reading both the bar width and the space width accurate- ly; hence, a reason for choosing full and half bar height symbologies for microfiche production. I Il Il
45、Il I 111 II II11 I Il 8421842184218421 LEAST SIGNIFICANT DIRECTION MOST SIGNIFICANT DIGIT DIGIT FORWARD DIRECTION ART BIT II II II I I 111111 I II1 Il 6432168 4 2 16432168 4 2 1 II NUMBER OF COPIES STARTING COLLATOR BIN NEWIOLD COLLATEIBATCH FORWARD DIRECTION START BIT I PARITY )P BIT REVERSE DIRECT
46、ION ARITY Il II 111 I Ill MOST SIGNIFICANT SIGNIFICANT DIGIT DIGIT COLLATEIBATCH NIOLD TART BIT W Figure 3. Bar Formation 6. Placement and Definition of Bar Code Area Other factors that affect bar code readability are location in the allocated area, and proximity to the title information. The bar co
47、de on microfiche is always located in the upper right area of the title row. If one duplicator is reading the output from a number of COM units, it is important to have the bar code located in the same relative position on all masters. The header area is specified in ANWAIIM MS5-1985 (see Figures 4
48、and 5). Film scratches and excessive dust or foreign particles in the bar code area will obviously affect the readability of the bar code. The bar codes subtend the equivalent of two or three frames in the header area. If there are cutmarks, the beginning of the clear area is measured from the cutma
49、rk center line. If there is no cutmark, as common with precut or immediately cut microfiche, the beginning of the clear area is measured from the left edge of the microfiche image area not the reference edge. Since the bar code readers are quite versatile, the edge of the start area is frequently only approximately located. Preprinted adhesive labels are available and can be added to the micrfiche title area. These labels are generally read from an opaque or reflective type background by a scanner. The 3 of 9 bar code applica- tions for inventory and document control use
