1、AIIM MS45 90 1012348 0000476 5 m ANSI/AIIM MS45-1990 Recommended Practice for Inspection of Stored Silver-Gelatin Microforms for Evidence of Deterioration Standard Association for Information and Image Management 1 1 O0 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1 1 O0 Silver Spring, Maryland 2091 O Telephone 301 /587-820
2、2 - Approved As January 22, 1990 1 AIIM MS45 90 m 1012348 0000477 7 m ANSI/AIIM MS45-1990 Standard for Information and Image Management - Recommended Practice for Inspection of Stored Silver-Gelatin Microforms for Evidence of Deterioration Association for Information and Image Management This recomm
3、ended practice applies to aii forms of silver-gelatin microfilm, whether in roll, aperture card, jacket or microfiche format. It describes the equipment and procedures necessary to observe and identify the various types of I deterioration known to the industry. c) AIIM MS45 90 W 3032348 0000478 9 W
4、Table of Contents Foreword Foreword. . i 1 Scope, . 1 2 References . 1 2.1 Referenced American National Standards 1 2.2 Other Referenced Publications 1 2.3 Related American National Standards . 1 2.4 Other Related Publications . I 3 Definitions 1 4 Sampling Method 1 4.1 General 1 4.2 Division Into S
5、urvey Groups . 1 4.3 Size of Sample . 1 5 Equipment and Supplies . 2 5.1 Inspection Room or Location 2 5.2 Reporting Forms . 2 Accommodate 16/35 mm Rolls . 2 Approximately 5 to 15X . 2 5.5 Specular Light Source . 2 5.6 Microscope 2 5.8 Inspection Gloves . 2 5.9 Inspection Station . 2 6 Inspection Pr
6、ocedures . 2 6.1 General 2 6.2 Roll Film 2 6.3 Unitized Microforms 2 6.4 Inspection Reporting 3 6.5 Data Collection., . 3 6.6 Data Analysis 4 7 Types of Defects . 4 7.1 General. . 4 7.2 Microbiological Growths . 5 7.3 Redox Blemishes 5 7.4 Residual Processing Chemicals 5 7.5 Emulsion Adhesion . 6 7.
7、6 Separation of the Emulsion from the Film Base 5 7.7 Brittleness . 6 7.8 Base Shrinkage . 6 8 Remedial Action . 6 8.1 General 6 8.2 Subsequent Inspections 7 5.3 Light Box and Film Rewinds to 5.4 Eye Loupe with Magnification of 5.7 Spare 16/35 mm Take Up Reels 2 Table Table 1. Severity Classificatio
8、n Table . 3 (This foreword is not part of American National Standard for Information and Image Management-Recommended Practice for Inspection of Stored Silver-Gelatin Micro- forms for Evidence of Deterioration, ANSI/AIIM MS45-1990) The purpose of this document is to provide a uniform method of selec
9、ting and inspecting silver-gelatin micro- forms for evidence of deterioration. It applies to microfilm being stored by federal, state, local, and other public institutions, as well as private and nonpublic organizations. Improper processing and storage conditions have long been known to promote biol
10、ogical attack and various other kinds of image degradation. Examinations of some large collections of microfilmed records within the last decade have revealed a number of instances of spot blemishes. These instances serve to focus attention on the fact that although film may be processed and stored
11、in the best available conditions, the only assurance that such records are being well maintallied is a systematic program of careful inspection. Suggestions for improvement in this recommended practice based on experience in its use are invited. Sug- gestions should be sent to the Chairman, AIIM Sta
12、ndards Board, Association for Information and Image Manage- ment, 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910. At the time this report was approved, the Standards Board had the following members: Marilyn Courtot, Chairman Thomas E. Berney Don Klosterboer E. Brien Lewis Alan S. Linde
13、n Wesley J. Micket L. Don Prince George Thoma Charles F. Touchton Herbert J. White II Appendices Appendix A. Examples of Film Defects . 8 Appendix B, Description of Redox Blemishes . 14 Appendix D, Data Analysis Form . 19 Appendix C, Data Collection Form 18 i AIIM MS45 90 m 1012348 0000479 O m This
14、recommended practice was prepared in response to a proposal by AIIMs C18 Public Record Microforms Committee. At the time the document was approved the committee consisted of the following members: Organization Virginia State Library and Genealogical Society of Bank of Canada Business Records Corpora
15、tion Consultant Consultant Consultant Consultant Consultant Genealogical Society of Utah Jorm Microlab, Inc. 3M Company 3M Company Massachusetts State Archives Mayo Clinic Library MSTC, Inc. National Center for State courts Nebraska Records Manage- ment Division Pennsylvania State Archives Somervell
16、 similar film sizes such as 16 mm and 35 mm; similar formats and film types, i.e. jackets, aperture cards, polyester film, and acetate film; record series type; etc. As most types of deterioration seem to be progressive with age, some form of separation by date may be significant. In a library or ar
17、chives setting, an ongoing collection of newspaper files or a series of books or private papers pur- chased on microfilm over a specific period of time could be considered a significant lot or group. 4.3 Size of Sample. The sample should be 1/1Oth of the group or at least 100 microforms (rolls, jack
18、ets, aper- ture cards, microfiche), whichever is greater. The whole group should be inspected if there are fewer than 100 microforms. The minimum sample size is based upon the desired accuracy of the estimate of total incidence as de- rived from the sample. The accuracy of the determination does not
19、 increase in proportion to the increase in the size of the sample. Thus, additional expenditure of time and effort beyond the minimum is hardly justified. It is necessary that sampling procedures be established by the inspecting authority before the program begins which will assure that all parts of
20、 the group are represented. For example, if 100 rolls are to be selected from 300 drawers, one roll might be taken from every third drawer. Each roll should be taken from the center or some other easily identifiable position in the drawer. For another example, if 100 microfiche are to be selected fr
21、om four cabinet drawers, 25 should be selected from each drawer Blemishes. Silver Spring, Md.: Association for Informa- tion and Image Management, 1987. to ensure that any one of them has an equal chance at being selected. The establishment of the sampling pattern I 1 AIIM MS45 90 3032348 0000481 9
22、M in advance prevents an inspector from unconsciously intro- ducing a bias in the sampling by selecting rolls which have some distinguishing characteristic. Alternatively, if the units are numbered, as should normally be the case, a random number generator may be purchased or created. Data processin
23、g centers are often consulted for this type of service. 5.10 Inspection Station. An ideal inspection station will allow the microscope and light box to move in or out of the film path between the rewinds as and when required. 6 Inspection Procedures 5 Equipment and Supplies 5.1 Inspection Room or Lo
24、cation. The room or location selected as the site for inspection should be clean with a relatively dust free atmosphere and with a temperature not to exceed 21C (70F) and a relative humidity of 50 per- cent - the normal office environment (see 7.5). Smoking should not be allowed in the inspection ro
25、om. Where possible the inspection room should be located in close proximity to the storage area which would reduce the possibility of damage during the packing and carting of microforms to a remote location. 5.2 Reporting Forms. See Sections 6.4,6.5,6.6, and Ap- pendices C and D. 5.3 Light Box and F
26、ilm Rewinds to Accommodate 16/35 mm Rolls. Light boxes of this nature usually are equipped with fluorescent lights surmounted by translucent glass or plastic. 5.4 Eye Loupe with Magnification of Approximately 5 to 15X. Two loupes are ideal. The lower magnification will provide a wider field of view
27、while the higher magnifica- tion will allow much closer inspection of specific defects, 5.5 Specular Light Source. Another light source other than room ambient light, should be available to inspect the film surface under magnification for resolution de- gradation, scratches and other defects. 5.6 Mi
28、croscope. A microscope with a magnification capa- bility of between 25X and 50X will be required for occa- sional close examination. A fairly intense substage illumin- ator is essential however, to penetrate the high density areas of the leader and trailer. A microscopic stage film holder with 16 mm
29、 and 35 mm film guides is very helpful, although not essential. 5.7 Densitometer. A densitometer should be available to inspect the microforms for degradation of density. 5.8 Spare 16/35 mm Take Up Reels. (100 foot capacity.) (Only needed for roii film.) 6.1 General. Microfilm inspectors should be t
30、horoughly familiar with the various types of aging defects as described in Section 7 as well as defects normally associated with film processing described in ANSI/AIIM MS23-1983. The inspector should also be aware that older film should be treated carefully until it has been established that normal
31、handling will not damage the film. 6.2 Roll Film. Select a roll of film and remove it from its container. Smell the film, the reel, and inside the con- tainer for unusual odors. Inspectors who have allergies or are susceptable to infection should use caution. Holding the center of the reel between t
32、humb and index finger turn the reel with the free hand so that the leader may fall free. If it does not fali free carefully determine the reason. It is not unusual for film that has not been unwound for a long period of time to stick slightly. If the leader and following convolution cannot be freed
33、without damaging the film, the inspector should consult a photographic technician. Holding the reel in one hand, unwind sufficient leader to examine the fogged (black) area in the ambient room light. Rotate the film so that the light reflects off the film surface. Examine the reverse side of the fil
34、m. Some forms of deterioration can be detected with the unaided eye at this initial stage. Examine the resolution, if resolution targets were filmed. Take a density reading from the first image that is not fogged, covered with characters, etc. These readings can be compared to readings recorded when
35、 the film was produced, if available, and to subsequent reinspections to determine if the density or resolution has deteriorated. This deterioration would provide a warning of other problems. Place the roll of film on the rewinds with the emul- sion facing up, and slowly advance the film over the li
36、ght box. Some defects are more easily seen over the light box without the aid of an eye loupe, while others must be viewed under stronger magnification. Approximately every 3 meters (10 feet), the inspector should stop the film to carefully examine the images with the aid of an eye loupe or microsco
37、pe using both transmitted and reflected light. Both sides of the film should be examined each time for the defects described in Section 7. 6.3 Unitized Microforms 5.9 Inspection Gloves. Clean, lint-free white cotton or nylon gloves must be worn to avoid marking thefilm with flngerprin ts. 6.3.1 Aper
38、ture Card. Select an aperture card and examine the carrier in the ambient room light. Examine 2 AIIM MSg5 90 the card stock for evidence of deterioration particularly in the aperture area of the film. Some of the adhesives used in older stock may not have aged well. Place the aper- ture card on the
39、illuminated light box and make a general observation of its state of preservation. With the aid of the eye loupe, examine at least three different locations on the aperture film. With the aid of the microscope per- form the same examination. Both sides of the aperture card should be examined for def
40、ects described in Section 7. Take a density reading from a portion of the image that is not covered with characters. This reading can be com- pared to readings recorded when the film was produced, if available, and to subsequent reinspections to determine if the density has deteriorated. This deteri
41、oration would provide a warning of other problems. 6.3.2 Jacket, Select a jacket and examine the carrier in ambient room light. The channel joiners may become separated and consequently unable to retain the images in the proper channel or in some cases the carrier fabric may stick to the surface of
42、the film. Proceed cautiously until a determination has been made, Place the jacket on the illuminated light box and make a general observation of its state of preservation. With the aid of the eye loupe, examine at least one randomly selected image per chan- nel. With the aid of the microscope, perf
43、orm the same examination. Pay particular attention to the image on the extreme right edge, next to the loading slot because this image is often more exposed to environmental air. Both sides of the jacket should be examined for defects as described in section 7. Take a density reading from the first
44、image that is not covered with characters. This reading can be compared to readings recorded when the film was produced, if available, and to subsequent reinspections to determine if the density has deteriorated. This deteriora- tion would provide a warning of other problems. 6.3.3 Microfiche. Selec
45、t a microfiche and examine it in its entirety with the unaided eye, rotating the micro- fiche so that light reflects off the surface. Examine the reverse side of the microfiche. Some forms of deteriora- tion can be detected at this initial stage. Place the micro- fiche on the illuminated light box e
46、mulsion (dull) side up and examine the upper left, lower left, upper right, lower right, and center frames with the aid of an eye loupe. Both sides of the microfiche should be examined for the defects described in section 7. Take density readings from the header or some other portion of the microfic
47、he that is not covered by characters. This reading can be compared to readings recorded when the fi was produced, if avail- able, and to subsequent reinspections to determine if the density has deteriorated. This deterioration would provide a warning of other problems. 6.4 Inspection Reporting. The
48、inspector will complete the inspection report form after which a subjective judgment is required to be made indicating the overall level of condition of the film using the following categories: (I) excellent, (2) acceptable, (3) fair, (4) poor, or (5) bad. These categories are classified in Table 1.
49、 Table 1. Severity Classification Table 1. No deterioration detectable. Film in excellent condition. 2. Deterioration clearly visible, but confined to noninformational areas. Film in acceptable condition. 3. Deterioration well advanced into information areas, but general shape of characters is unchanged. Film in fair condition. 4. Deterioration has altered or obscured the shape and size of characters to the extent that individual characters cannot be identified with certainty out of context. Characters can be identified in context. Film in poor condition. 5. Deterioration has altered
