1、Designation: E2257 17 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forRoom Fire Test of Wall and Ceiling Materials andAssemblies1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2257; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.1.2 This test method is intended to evaluate, under speci
3、fiedfire-exposure conditions, the contribution to room fire growthprovided by wall or ceiling materials and assemblies, or both.The method is not intended to evaluate the fire endurance ofassemblies or fires originating in the wall assembly. Themethod provides a means to evaluate the effectiveness o
4、fthermal barriers in restricting the contribution of combustiblematerials in the wall assembly to fire growth in a room fire.1.3 This test method, simulating a fire in the corner of a2420 by 3630 mm (8 by 12 ft) room containing a single opendoorway, provides a means to evaluate the relative perfor-m
5、ance of specified wall and ceiling materials or assemblieswhen they are used together in the same relationship within anenclosure, and simulating the manner in which they will beused.1.4 This test method is intended to evaluate the contributionto fire growth provided by a surface product using a spe
6、cifiedignition source. It shall, however, be noted that the type,position and heat output of the ignition source will consider-ably influence fire growth. The thermal exposure conditionsfrom the ignition source specified in this method will result inflashover during the 20 min duration for many comm
7、on finishmaterials, in particular if specimens are mounted on the wallsand the ceiling (standard configuration).1.5 This test method provides a means for evaluating walland ceiling finish materials and assemblies, including panels,tiles, boards, sprayed or brushed coatings, etc. This test methodis n
8、ot intended to evaluate flooring materials or furnishings.1.6 This method shall be used in conjunction with GuideE603, which covers instrumentation and the general effect ofvarious parameters, and Guide E2067, which deals withfull-scale oxygen consumption calorimetry.1.7 The values stated in SI unit
9、s are to be regarded as thestandard. The units given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.8 The text of this standard references notes and footnoteswhich provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-notes (excluding those in figures) shall not be considered asrequirements of the standar
10、d.1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flameunder controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporateall factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fir
11、e conditions.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1
12、.11 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.12 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles
13、for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE136 Test Method for Behavio
14、r of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-rimetry Fire Tests1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsib
15、ility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke andCombustion Products.Current edition approved April 15, 2017. Published April 2017. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E2257-16. DOI:10.1520/E2257-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcon
16、tact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
17、Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trad
18、e Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.2 ISO Standards:ISO 9705 Fire TestsReaction to FireRoom Fire Test3ISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary32.3 NFPA Standards:NFPA 265 Standard Method of Tests for Evaluating RoomFire Growth Contribution of Textile Wall Coverings4NFPA 286 Standard
19、 Method of Tests for Evaluating Contri-bution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room FireGrowth43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thisstandard, see Terminology E176 and ISO 13943. In case ofconflict, the definitions given in Terminology E176 shallprevail.3.1.1 assemb
20、ly, na unit or structure composed of a com-bination of materials or products, or both. E1763.1.2 flashover, nthe rapid transitionto a state of totalsurface involvement in a fire of combustible materials withinan enclosure. E1763.1.3 heat flux, nheat transfer to a surface per unit area,per unit time.
21、 E1763.1.4 heat release rate, nthe heat evolved from the speci-men per unit time. E1763.1.5 optical density of smoke, na measure of the attenu-ation of a light beam through smoke, expressed as the commonlogarithm of the ratio of the incident flux, I0, to the transmittedflux, I. E1763.1.6 oxygen cons
22、umption principle, nthe expression ofthe relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed duringcombustion and the heat released. E1763.1.7 smoke, nthe airborne solid and liquid particulatesand gases evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis orcombustion. E1763.1.8 smoke obscuration, nreduction of
23、 light transmissionby smoke as measured by light attenuation. E1763.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 specimen, nrepresentative piece of the product,which is to be tested together with any substrate or treatment.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This method uses a gas burner to produ
24、ce a diffusionflame in contact with the walls and ceiling in the corner of a2420 by 3630 by 2420 mm (8 by 12 by 8 ft) high room. Theburner produces a prescribed net rate of heat output of 100 kW(5690 Btu/min) during the first 10 min, followed by 300 kW(17 060 Btu/min) during the next 10 min. The con
25、tribution ofthe wall and ceiling materials or assemblies to fire growth ismeasured in terms of the time history of the incident heat fluxon the center of the floor, the time history of the temperature ofthe gases in the upper part of the room, the time to flashover,and the rate of heat release. The
26、test is conducted with naturalventilation to the room provided through a single doorway 780by 2015 mm (30 by 80 in.) in width and height. Thecombustion products are collected in a hood feeding into aplenum connected to an exhaust duct in which measurementsare made of the gas velocity, temperature, l
27、ight obscuration,and concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbonmonoxide.5. Significance and Use5.1 This fire test is applicable to a description of certain fireperformance characteristics in appraising wall and ceilingmaterials, products, or systems under specified fire-exposureconditions
28、in an enclosure. The test indicates the maximumextent of fire growth in a room, the rate of heat release, and ifthey occur, the time to flashover, and the time to flameextension beyond the doorway following flashover. It deter-mines the extent to which the wall and ceiling materials orassemblies con
29、tribute to fire growth in a room and the potentialfor fire spread beyond the room, under the particular conditionssimulated. It does not measure the contribution of the roomcontents. (See Appendix X1, Commentary.)5.2 Flashover shall be considered to have occurred whenany two of the following conditi
30、ons have been attained:(a) Heat release rate exceeds 1 MW.(b) Heat flux at the floor exceeds 20 kW/m2.(c) Average upper layer temperature exceeds 600C.(d) Flames exit doorway.(e) A paper target on the floor auto-ignites.5.2.1 Time to flashover shall be the time from start of testuntil the second con
31、dition has been attained.5.3 The potential for the spread of fire to other objects in theroom, remote from the ignition source, is evaluated by mea-surements of: (a) the total heat flux incident on the center of thefloor, and (b) a characteristic upper level gas temperature in theroom.5.4 The potent
32、ial for the spread of fire to objects outside theroom of origin is evaluated by the measurement of the rate ofheat release of the fire.5.5 Measurements of the rate of production of carbonmonoxide, carbon dioxide, and visible smoke are taken.5.6 The overall performance of the test specimen is visuall
33、ydocumented by full-color photographic records. Video tapingof the complete fire test is an acceptable alternative to thephotographic record. Such records show when each area of thetest specimen becomes involved in the fire.5.7 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to aspecific set of labor
34、atory fire test exposure conditions. Ifdifferent test conditions are substituted or the anticipatedend-use conditions are changed, it is not known whether it ispossible by use of this test to predict changes in the perfor-mance characteristics measured. Therefore, the results arestrictly valid only
35、for the fire test exposure conditions de-scribed in this procedure.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.4Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02269-
36、9101.E2257 1726. Ignition Source6.1 The ignition source for the test shall be a gas burner witha nominal 170 by 170 mm (6.7 by 6.7 in.) porous top surfaceof a refractory material, as shown in Fig. 1.6.2 The top surface of the burner through which the gas issupplied shall be located horizontally, 170
37、 mm (6.7 in.) off thefloor, and the burner enclosure shall be in contact with bothwalls in a corner of the room opposite from the door, and theedge of the diffusion surface shall be flush with the wall.6.3 The burner shall be supplied with C.P. grade propane(99 % purity), with a net heat of combusti
38、on of 46.5 6 0.5MJ/kg (20 000 6 200 Btu/lb.) The gas flow to the burner shallFIG. 1 Gas Burner Ignition SourceE2257 173be measured with an accuracy of at least 63 %. The flowmeasuring equipment shall be calibrated per the manufactur-ers instructions at least once per year. The heat output to theburn
39、er shall be controlled within 65 % of the prescribed value.6.4 The gas supply to the burner shall produce a net heatoutput of 100 6 3 kW (5690 6 170 Btu/min) for the first 10min, followed by 300 6 10 kW (17060 6 570 Btu/min) for thenext 10 min.NOTE 1This corresponds to a flow of approximately 67.3 L
40、/min at100 kW, and 202.0 L/min at 300 kW for propane with a net heat ofcombustion of 46.5 MJ/kg, under standard conditions of 101 kPa pressureand 20C temperature.6.5 The burner shall be ignited by a pilot burner or aremotely controlled spark igniter.6.6 Burner controls shall be provided for automati
41、c gassupply shut-off if flameout occurs.7. Compartment Geometry and ConstructionNOTE 2The choices for the size of compartment fire experiments arediscussed in Guide E603. The compartment dimensions and tolerancesdefined in this section have been chosen to make it convenient to utilizeboth standard U
42、.S. size 1.22 by 2.44 m (4 by 8 ft) building materials orpanels and standard 1.2 by 2.4 m panel sizes common outside the U.S.7.1 The room shall consist of four walls at right angles,floor, and ceiling and shall have the following inner dimen-sions: 3630 6 30 mm (12 ft) in length, 2420 6 20 mm (8 ft)
43、in width, and 2420 6 20 mm (8 ft) in height (see Fig. 2). Theroom shall be placed indoors in an essentially draft free,conditioned space, large enough to ensure that there is noinfluence on the test fire. In order to facilitate the mounting ofthe instruments and of the ignition source, it is conveni
44、ent toplace the test room so that the floor is accessible from beneath.7.2 There shall be a doorway in the center of one of the2420 by 2420 mm (8 by 8 ft) walls, and no other wall, floor orceiling openings that allow ventilation.The doorway shall havethe following dimensions: 780 6 20 mm (30 in.) in
45、 width, and2015 6 15 mm (80 in.) in height.7.3 The test compartment shall be a framed or a concrete-block structure. If the former type of structure is used, theinterior walls and ceiling of the frame shall be lined withgypsum wallboard or calcium silicate board with a density of500 to 800 kg/m3(31
46、to 50 lb/ft3). The minimum thickness ofthe lining material shall be 20 mm (34 in.).7.4 If self-supporting panels are tested, a separate exteriorframe or block compartment is not required.8. Instrumentation in the Fire Room8.1 The following are minimum requirements for instru-mentation for this test.
47、 Added instrumentation is desirable forfurther information.8.2 Heat Flux:8.2.1 SpecificationThe total heat flux meters shall be ofthe Gardon (foil) or the Schmidt-Boelter (thermopile) type witha design range of approximately 50 kW/m2(4.4 Btu/ft2s). Thetarget receiving radiation, and possibly to a sm
48、all extentconvection, shall be flat, circular, not more than 15 mm (58 in.)FIG. 2 Room Geometry and Placement of Heat Flux MeterE2257 174in diameter and coated with a durable matt black finish. Thetarget shall be contained within a water-cooled body whosefront face shall be of highly polished metal,
49、 flat, coincidingwith the plane of the target and circular, with a diameter of notmore than 50 mm (2 in.) The heat flux meter shall have anaccuracy of at least 6 3 % and a repeatability within 6 0.5 %.In operation, the meter shall be maintained at a constanttemperature, at least 5C above the dew point.8.2.2 LocationThe heat flux meter shall be mounted at thegeometric center of the floor (see Fig. 2). The target area shallbe between 5 and 30 mm (14 and 114 in.) above the floorsurface.8.2.3 CalibrationThe heat flux meters shall be calibratedat yearly inte
