1、Designation: F1720 14 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forMeasuring Thermal Insulation of Sleeping Bags Using aHeated Manikin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1720; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONSleeping bags are used by people in outdoor environments to insulate them from the cold
3、 (that is,reduce their body heat loss to the environment). Sleeping bags often are used with ground pads andclothing inside tents that provide additional protection from the environment. The amount ofinsulation needed in a sleeping bag depends upon the air temperature and a number of otherenvironmen
4、tal factors (for example, wind speed, radiant temperature, moisture in the air), humanfactors (for example, a persons metabolic heat production that is affected by gender, age, fitness level,body type, size, position, and movement), and physical factors (for example, amount of body coverageand the q
5、uality of the insulating materials). The insulation value, expressed in clo units, can be usedto characterize sleeping bags and sleeping bag systems. Insulation values can be used in body heat lossmodels to predict the temperature ratings for comfort.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determination
6、 of the insulationvalue of a sleeping bag or sleeping bag system. It measures theresistance to dry heat transfer from a constant skin temperaturemanikin to a relatively cold environment. This is a static testthat generates reproducible results, but the manikin cannotsimulate real life sleeping condi
7、tions relating to some humanand environmental factors, examples of which are listed in theintroduction.1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the sleep-ing bag or sleeping bag system, as tested, and for the specifiedthermal and environmental conditions of each test, particularlywith respec
8、t to air movement past the manikin.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limit
9、ations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation ofClothing Using a Heated Manikin2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 13537 2002 Requirements for Sleeping BagsISO 15831 2004 ClothingPhysiological EffectsMeasurement of Thermal Insulation by Mean
10、s of a Ther-mal Manikin3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 auxiliary products, nitems used with a sleeping bagto create a sleeping bag system such as clothing, ground pad,and bivy sack.3.1.2 clo, nunit of thermal resistance (insulation) equal to0.155Cm2/W.3.1.2.1 DiscussionAheavy mens business suit
11、provides 1clo of insulation.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.22 on Camping Softgoods.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originallyapp
12、roved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as F1720 06 (2011).DOI: 10.1520/F1720-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Documen
13、t Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.3 dry heat loss, nheat transferred from t
14、he bodysurface to a cooler environment by means of conduction,convection, and radiation.3.1.4 manikin, na life-size model of the human body witha surface temperature similar to that of a human being.3.1.5 sleeping bag, na structure made of down, syntheticfiberfill, shell fabrics, or other materials,
15、 or a combinationthereof, that is designed for people to use for thermal protec-tion when sleeping (for example, outdoors, tent, cabin).3.1.6 sleeping bag system, nsleeping bag used with aux-iliary products such as clothing, ground pad, and bivy sack.3.1.7 thermal insulation, nresistance to dry heat
16、 transferby way of conduction, convection, and radiation.3.1.8 total insulation (IT), nthe resistance to dry heat lossfrom the manikin that includes the resistance provided by thesleeping bag, auxiliary products (if used) and the air layeraround the manikin.3.1.8.1 DiscussionTotal insulation values
17、(IT) are mea-sured directly with a manikin. They can be used to comparedifferent sleeping bags, as long as each test is conducted usingthe same experimental procedures and test conditions.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A heated manikin is placed inside a sleeping bag orsleeping bag system in a cold en
18、vironmental chamber.4.2 The power needed to maintain a constant body tempera-ture is measured.4.3 The total thermal insulation of the sleeping bag orsleeping bag system (including the resistance of the external airlayer) is calculated based on the skin temperature and surfacearea of the manikin, the
19、 air temperature, and the power level.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method can be used to quantify and comparethe insulation provided by sleeping bags or sleeping bagsystems. It can be used for material and design evaluations.5.2 The measurement of the insulation provided by clothing(see Test
20、 Method F1291) and sleeping bags is complex anddependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is notpractical in a test method of this scope to establish detailssufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from theinstructions in this test method may lead to significantlydifferent test resu
21、lts. Technical knowledge concerning thetheory of heat transfer, temperature and air motionmeasurement, and testing practices is needed to evaluate whichdepartures from the instructions given in this test method aresignificant. Standardization of the method reduces, but does noteliminate, the need fo
22、r such technical knowledge. Any depar-tures should be reported with the results.6. Apparatus6.1 Manikin4Use a supine manikin that is formed in theshape and size of an adult male or female and is capable ofbeing heated to a constant average surface temperature of35C. The manikins height should be bet
23、ween 1.5 and 1.9 mwith a surface area between 1.5 and 2.1 m2.6.1.1 Size and ShapeConstruct the manikin to simulatethe body of a human being, that is, construct a head, chest/back, abdomen/buttocks, arms, hands, legs, and feet. Totalsurface area shall be 1.8 6 0.3 m2, and height shall be 180 610 cm.
24、Any departures from this description should be re-ported.6.1.2 Surface TemperatureConstruct the manikin so as tomaintain a constant temperature distribution over the entirenude body surface with no local hot or cold spots. Ensure thatthe mean skin temperature of the manikin is 35C. Do notallow local
25、 deviations from the mean skin temperature toexceed 60.3C. Evaluate temperature uniformity of the nudemanikin at least once annually using an infrared thermalimaging system, a surface (contact) temperature probe, orequivalent method. This procedure also should be repeatedafter repairs or alterations
26、 are completed that could affecttemperature uniformity, for example, replacing a heating ele-ment.6.2 Power-Measuring InstrumentsMeasure the power tothe manikin so as to give an accurate average over the periodof a test. If time proportioning or phase proportioning is usedfor power control, then dev
27、ices that are capable of averagingover the control cycle are required. Integrating devices (watt-hour metres) are preferred over instantaneous devices (wattmetres). Overall accuracy of the power monitoring equipmentmust be within 62 % of the reading for the average power forthe test period. Since th
28、ere are a variety of devices andtechniques used for power measurement, this standard does notprovide specific calibration procedures. Develop and documentan appropriate power calibration procedure.6.3 Equipment for Measuring the Manikins SkinTemperatureThe mean skin temperature may be measuredwith p
29、oint sensors or distributed temperature sensors.6.3.1 Point SensorsPoint sensors may be thermocouples,resistance temperature devices (RTDs), thermistors, or equiva-lent sensors. Ensure that they are no more than 3-mm thick andare well bonded, both mechanically and thermally, to themanikins surface.
30、Bond lead wires to the surface or passthrough the interior of the manikin, or both. Distribute thesensors so that each one represents the same surface area orarea-weight each sensor temperature when calculating themean skin temperature for the body. A minimum of 11 pointsensors are required. It is r
31、ecommended that a sensor be placedon the head, chest, back, arms, legs, hands, and feet.6.3.2 Distributed SensorsIf distributed sensors are used(for example, resistance wire), then the sensors must bedistributed over the surface so that all areas are equallyweighted. If several such sensors are used
32、 to measure thetemperature of different parts of the body, then their respectivetemperatures should be area-weighted when calculating themean skin temperature. Distributed sensors must be small indiameter (that is, less than 1 mm) and firmly bonded to themanikin surface at all points.4Information on
33、 laboratories with heated manikins can be obtained from theInstitute for Environmental Research, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS66506.F1720 1426.4 Controlled Environmental ChamberPlace the manikinin a chamber at least 3 by 2 by 2.6 m in dimension that canprovide uniform conditions, both spati
34、ally and temporally.6.4.1 Spatial VariationsDo not exceed the following: airtemperature 61.0C, relative humidity 65 %, and air velocity650 % of the mean value. In addition, the mean radianttemperature shall not be more than 1.0C different from themean air temperature. Verify the spatial uniformity a
35、t leastannually or after any significant modifications are made to thechamber. Verify spatial uniformity by recording values for theconditions stated above at 0.6 m (the midline elevation of themanikin on the cot) and 1.1 m above the floor at the locationoccupied by the manikin. Use sensing devices
36、specified belowwhen measuring the environmental conditions.6.4.2 Temporal VariationsDo not exceed the following:air temperature 60.5C, mean radiant temperature 60.5C,relative humidity 65 %, and air velocity 620 % of the meanvalue for data averaged over 5 min (see 6.4.5).6.4.3 Relative Humidity Measu
37、ring EquipmentAny hu-midity sensing device with an accuracy of 65 % relativehumidity and a repeatability of 63 % is acceptable (forexample, wet bulb/dry bulb, dew point hygrometer). Only onelocation needs to be monitored during a test to ensure that thetemporal uniformity requirements are met.6.4.4
38、Air Temperature SensorsShielded air temperaturesensors shall be used. Any sensor with an overall accuracy of60.15C is acceptable (for example, RTD, thermocouple,thermistor). The sensor shall have a time constant not exceed-ing 1 min. The sensor(s) shall be located at the midlineelevation of the mani
39、kin (0.6 m from the floor), at least 0.4 mfrom the manikin. A single sensor may be used, but multiplesensors are preferred. If a single sensor is used, it shall belocated midway between the head and the feet. If multiplesensors are used, they shall be spaced equally from the head tothe feet and thei
40、r readings averaged.6.4.5 Air Velocity IndicatorUse an omnidirectional an-emometer with 60.05 m/s accuracy. Average measurementsfor at least 1 min at each location. If it is demonstrated thatvelocity does not vary temporally by more than 60.05 m/s,then it is not necessary to monitor air velocity dur
41、ing a test.Thevalue of the mean air velocity must be reported, however. If airvelocity is monitored, then measurement location requirementsare the same as for temperature.7. Sampling7.1 It is desirable to test three identical sleeping bags so thatsample variability will be reflected in the test resu
42、lts. Samplevariance generally is larger for sleeping bags as compared withclothing. If only one sample is available, which is often thecase with prototypes, replicate measurements can be made onone sleeping bag.8. Preparation of Sleeping Bags8.1 The sleeping bag should be the appropriate size for th
43、emanikin with respect to its width and length. A bag that fitstightly and causes compression in the head, feet, or hip areasmay have a lower insulation value than one that does not causecompression.8.2 Bags normally should not be laundered or dry cleanedprior to testing because the procedures may af
44、fect the results.8.3 If auxiliary products are used, the correct size should beselected for the manikin.9. Test Procedure9.1 Environmental Test ConditionsThe standard condi-tions for all tests are given as follows.9.1.1 Air TemperatureThe air temperature shall be at least25C lower than the manikins
45、mean temperature during a test.9.1.2 Air VelocityUse a fan to produce an air velocity of0.3 6 0.05 m/s. Position the bag and manikin so that thedirection of the air flow is from the head to the feet.9.1.3 Relative HumidityMaintain the relative humiditybetween 40 and 80 % for all tests.9.2 Mean Skin
46、Temperature of ManikinThe manikinsmean surface temperature shall be 35 6 0.3C for all tests.9.3 OptionsSelect one of the following procedures.9.3.1 Option 1: Sleeping Bag TestPlace the sleeping bagon the nude manikin on a cot in the environmental chamber andmeasure its insulation.9.3.1.1 This approa
47、ch is used when comparing the design,construction, and filling materials of different bags. Smalldifferences in insulation will be easier to detect when the bagis tested alone.9.3.2 Option 2: Sleeping Bag System TestTest the sleepingbag with selected auxiliary products such as clothing and aground p
48、ad. Describe the auxiliary products used in the report.9.3.2.1 The insulation value of sleeping bag systems isusually used when determining the temperature ratings ofsleeping bags. This is because consumers rarely use a sleepingbag by itself. They generally use some auxiliary products withit. Clothi
49、ng and ground pads can greatly increase the insulationof a sleeping bag and lower the temperature rating for comfort.In addition, this is the approach used in EN 13537.9.4 ProceduresBefore testing, fluff the sleeping bag bytumbling it in a dryer without any load for 15 min at atemperature of less than 30C.9.4.1 Position the manikin horizontally on a cot with awooden frame that is 69 by 193 by 43 cm in dimensions andhas a nylon cover (plain weave, 246 g/m2, 24 by 18 yarns/cm).59.4.2 Dress the manikin in the appropriate clothing (i
