1、Designation: F2844 11 (Reapproved 2016) An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDisplacement Compression of Softball and Baseball BatBarrels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2844; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、 or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a comparative measurementmethod for determining t
3、he compression force of softball andbaseball bat barrels as defined by a static compression displace-ment test.1.2 This standard is not intended to define the performanceof softball or baseball bats but to determine the intrinsic barrelcompression of a specific bat.1.3 This standard can be used to c
4、ompare the relative barrelcompression force of bats using a relatively slow, non-impactloading rate.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not consi
5、dered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
6、2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 barrel compression, nthe force reading to deflect thebat barrel by the specified distance.2.1.2 barrel deflection, nthe displacement of the load headduring the test.2.1.3 bat taper, nsection of the bat where the barreldiameter be
7、gins to decrease to join the handle of a muchsmaller diameter.2.1.4 force, nthe amount of resistance applied perpendicu-lar to the surface of a bat barrel to cause the barrel to displace.2.1.5 non-solid bat, na bat of hollow construction.2.1.5.1 DiscussionBat may be filled with inserts or flex-ible
8、materials and still be considered a non-solid bat.3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method offers a means to compare the barrelcompression of softball and baseball bats. This test is notintended for wood or solid bats.4. Apparatus4.1 Compression Device, to compress the test bat betweentwo rigid c
9、ylindrical shapes to at most 0.070 in. (1.78 mm) netdisplacement. The device shall allow testing at any point alongthe barrel, to within 2 in. of the end cap. The compressiondevice must be able to produce a load of at least 1000 lb (4459N). The load heads shall be able to open more than 2.75 in.(69.
10、9 mm). The width of the device needs to be sufficient sothat the force shall be applied through the centerline of thebarrel diameter and load cylinders. A means of centering thetest bat is required so that the axis of the bat barrel isperpendicular (62) with the cylindrical platens. The deviceshould
11、 provide the ability to control the force to 1 lb (4.5 N)and deflection to 0.001 in. (0.025 mm).4.2 Load HeadsA pair of cylindrical shapes with a radiusof curvature of 1.93 6 0.050 in. (49 6 1.3 mm) over a chordheight of at least 0.20 in. (5 mm) (as shown in Fig. 1) made ofsteel or a material of equ
12、ivalent stiffness. The heads are setwith their centerlines within 60.010 in. (60.25 mm), theircylindrical axis parallel within 61 and their curved surfacesin direct opposition to each other.4.3 Load Cell, to measure the compressive load up to atleast 1000 lb (4459 N) with a resolution of at least 1
13、lb (4 N).4.4 Displacement Gauge, with a range of at least 1.0 in.(25.4 mm) and a resolution of no less than 0.001 in. (0.025mm).4.5 Calibration CylinderA 2.25-in. (57-mm) diameterhollow metal cylinder with a barrel compression between 200and 300 lb. The cylinders calibrated compression and calibra-t
14、ion date shall be marked on the cylinder. The strength of thecylinder shall be sufficient not to permanently yield under a0.07-in. (1.78-mm) displacement when tested in accordancewith this standard.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment, Playing Surfaces
15、, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.26 on Baseball and Softball Equipment.Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published April 2016. Originallyapproved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as F2844 11 (2015).DOI: 10.1520/F2844-11R16.Copyright ASTM Inter
16、national, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Calibration and Standardization5.1 Test the calibration cylinder following this standardbefore each test session. If the compression of the calibrationcylinder differs by more than 620 lb (689 N) from it
17、scalibrated value, recalibrate the load cell or displacementgauge, or both, per the manufacturers instructions.5.2 Calibrate the load cell, displacement gauge, and thecalibration cylinder at least annually to a NIST traceablestandard.6. Conditioning6.1 Test unit shall be within operating limits of t
18、he forcegauge and deflection gauges used.7. Procedure7.1 Place the bat in the compression press so that thelongitudinal axis of the bat is perpendicular (62) to thecylindrical platens and the cap end of the bat is 6 6 0.25 in.(152 6 6 mm) from the centerline of the cylindrical platens.When testing b
19、ats with tapered barrels, a stop at the end of thebarrel is needed to prevent the bat from moving axially duringload application.7.2 Set the load cell gauge to zero.7.3 Activate the compression press until the cylindrical loadheads are in contact with the bat with 10 6 5lb(446 22 N)pre-load applied
20、to the bat.7.4 Set the load cell gauge and displacement gauge to zero.7.5 Compress the bat at a rate which is sufficient tocomplete the deflection in 10 to 20 s.7.5.1 Softball bats shall have an initial displacement of0.020 6 0.001 in. (0.51 6 0.025 mm).7.5.2 Baseball bats shall have an initial disp
21、lacement of0.010 6 0.001 in. (0.25 6 0.025 mm).7.6 Set the load cell gauge and displacement gauge to zero.7.7 Compress the bat at a rate which is sufficient tocomplete the deflection in 10 to 20 s.7.7.1 Softball bats shall have a displacement of 0.050 60.001 in. (1.3 6 0.025 mm).7.7.2 Baseball bats
22、shall have a displacement of 0.030 60.001 in. (0.76 6 0.025 mm).7.7.3 Record the peak load and corresponding displacement.7.8 Release the applied load.7.9 Repeat the steps in 7.1 7.8 at +45, 45, and 90 fromthe test first orientation.7.10 The bat may be tested at locations other than the 6 in.(152 mm
23、) location, provided the alternate location is at least 2in. (51 mm) from the end cap and taper. In these cases, thebarrel compression location should be noted (L in Fig. 1).8. Calculation8.1 Barrel Compression (BC) is calculated from the averageof the four readings as:BC 514F01F1451F2451F90! (1)whe
24、re:BC = barrel compression (lb or N)F= Compression force from the loading at the angle (lbor N)9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Name of the test facility and test operator;9.1.2 Test date;9.1.3 Test equipment used for this test method, including:9.1.3.1 Bat model, length, weight,
25、and any other pertinentdata such as condition of the bat or modifications to the bat,and9.1.3.2 Each bat barrel compression and deflection readingas shown in Table 1;FIG. 1 Test ApparatusF2844 11 (2016)29.1.4 Any important observations; for example, damage tothe bat or any noises; and9.1.5 Calibrati
26、on certificate numbers for measurement de-vices.10. Precision and Bias10.1 Precision and bias evaluations have not been con-ducted for this test method. When such data are available, aprecision and bias section will be added.11. Keywords11.1 ball bat; compression-displacement; compression forceASTM
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30、 Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at
31、 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 1 Compression and Deflection ReadingsAngle Compression Force(lb or N)Deflection(in. or mm)Location from end of Barrel(in. or mm)0+454590Avg.F2844 11 (2016)3
