1、American National StandardANSI/HPS N13.35-2009Specifications for the Bottle ManikinAbsorption PhantomApproved: October 22, 2009American National Standards Institute, Inc.Published byHealth Physics Society1313 Dolley Madison Blvd.Suite 402McLean, VA 22101Copyright 2009 by the Health Physics Society.A
2、ll rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without prior written permission of the publisher.Printed in the United States of AmericaANSI/HPS N13.35-2009iii The ASC N13 Working Group responsible for the current revision
3、 wishes to acknowledge the members of the previous working groups, whose work we are continuing, and without whose efforts the current standard would not exist. The current working group had the following members: Timothy Lynch (Chair) David Hickman Gary Kramer The Working Group acknowledges the val
4、uable technical review contribution from the following individual contributor: Boyd Henry Rose AIHA Ionizing Radiation Committee iv This standard was consensus-balloted and approved by the Accredited Standards Committee N13 Radiation Protection on April 16, 2009. At the time of balloting, the N13 Co
5、mmittee had the following membership: Chairperson Tracy Ikenberry American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Bryce Breitenstein American Industrial Hygiene Assoc. Irene Patrek American Iron and Steel Institute Anthony LaMastra American Mining Congress Scott C. Munson American Nuclea
6、r Insurers Bob Oliveira American Nuclear Society Nolan E. Hertel Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors Shawn Seeley Council on Ionizing Radiation Msmts volume of each section by volume or weight measurements; integrity of each section by leak testing; uniformity of the shell wall thickne
7、ss. 5.3.2 Filled Phantom The material used to fill the phantom shall meet the criteria specified in Section 4.2 of this standard. The uncertainty in the density of the filler material should be measured by a quantitative process (such as weighing the phantom). Visual inspection shall not be used in
8、place of quantitative testing, but shall be used only to check for gross defects. Aqueous solutions shall maintain all chemical species in solution and inhibit plate-out of material on the walls of the phantom shell. The solution chemistry shall prevent precipitation of the radioactive material and
9、other additives. The shells shall be leak-tested and found to have no measurable leakage. If a phantom is stored for a prolonged period of time, measures shall be taken to minimize biological growths in the phantom to preclude changes in chemical species and the activity distribution. 5.3.3 Radioact
10、ive Material Content The quantity of radioactive material incorporated in the phantom and the associated uncertainties shall be determined and documented in writing for each section of the phantom and for the total phantom. The total uncertainty shall include the uncertainties in the standard refere
11、nce material, dilution procedures, gravimetric analysis, counting errors, and other errors as appropriate. The calculations used to determine the final quantity of radioactive material added to the phantom shall be reviewed and approved by a qualified person other than the person who did the origina
12、l calculations. The review and approval shall be documented in writing. The radioactive material contained in each section shall be homogeneously distributed throughout the volume of each section. The tolerance for the variability of the activity distribution shall be less than 10%. The variability
13、of the activity distribution in the material used to fill the phantom shall be determined quantitatively at least once to evaluate the adequacy of the mixing method. The radioactive material content of the phantom shall be traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) unless
14、 it is not required for the application. Procedures for the preparation of radioactive material standards shall be documented in writing. 5.3.4 Records The records related to each BOMAB phantom shall include the following as a minimum: material composition and density of the shell and filler matrix
15、materials; shell wall thickness and estimate of variability in the thickness; values for height and diameters with associated tolerances for each section and the total phantom; ANSI/HPS N13.35-2009 5 volumes and associated tolerances for the individual sections and the total phantom; photon interact
16、ion properties of the phantom shell and fill materials over the energy range of interest (needs to be done only once, if the density is measured and remains constant); calculations of totalactivityandassociateduncertainty for the radionuclide(s) in each section and total phantom; variability in the
17、distribution of radioactive material; NIST calibration certificate, or equivalent, for the radioactive standards incorporated in the phantom; results from leakage tests of shell. Records shall be retained in accordance with applicable standards including ANSI/HPS N13.6. 6.0 References 6.1 Normative
18、References ANSI. Traceability of radioactive sources to the National Institute of Standards and Technology and associated instrument quality control. New York: American National Standards Institute; ANSI N42.22; 1995. ANSI/HPS. Performance criteria for radiobio-assay. McLean, VA: Health Physics Soci
19、ety and New York: American National Standards Institute; ANSI/HPS N13.30; 1996. ANSI/HPS. Practice for occupational radiation exposure records. McLean, VA: Health Physics Society and New York: American National Standards Institute; ANSI/HPS N13.6-1999; 1999. Berger MJ, Hubbell JH, Seltzer SM, Chang
20、J, Coursey JS, Sukumar R, Zucker DS. XCOM: Photon Cross Sections Database. Gaithers-burg, MD: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology; 1998. International Commission on Radiological Protection. Basic anatomical and physio-logical data for use in radiological prote
21、ction: Reference values. New York: Elsevier; ICRP 89; 2003. International Commission on Radiological Protection. Report of the Task Group on Reference Man. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press; ICRP 23; 1975. International Commission on Radiological Protection. The human respiratory tract model. New York: Per
22、gamon Press; ICRP 66; 1994. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. Phantoms and compu-tational models in therapy, diagnosis and protection; Bethesda, MD: ICRU; ICRU 48; 1992. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. Photon, electron, proton and neutron int
23、eraction data for body tissues. Bethesda, MD: ICRU; ICRU 46; 1992. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. Tissue substitutes in radiation dosimetry and measurement. Bethesda, MD: ICRU; ICRU 44; 1989. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO standards for quali
24、ty management systems; ISO 9000; 2000. McDowell MA, Fryar CD, Hirsch R, Ogden CL. Anthropometric reference data for children and adults: U.S. population, 19992002. Advance data from vital and health statistics, No. 361, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disea
25、se Control and Prevention; 7 July 2005. 6.2 Informative References Bush F. The integral dose received from a uniformly distributed radioactive isotope. Br J Radiol 22:96102; 1949. Bush F. Energy absorption in radium therapy. Br J Radiol 19:1421; 1946. Delafield HJ. The neutron capture probability fo
26、r sodium activation in man phantoms. Harwell: UKAEA; AERE-RT128; 1974. Kramer GH, Burns L, Noel L. The BRMD BOMAB phantom family. Health Phys 61:895902; 1991. Sanders FW, Auxier J.A. Neutron activation of sodium in anthropomorphous phantoms. Health Phys 8:371379; 1962. ANSI/HPS N13.35-2009 6 Annex A
27、 (Normative) Data for BOMAB Phantoms of Different Sizes Due to the range of heights and weights of workers, it is necessary to have various sizes of BOMAB phantoms to obtain accurate efficiency calibrations to quantify activity in the body. Table A1 contains average height and weight values for diff
28、erent ages. The data were taken from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the years 19992002. The data represent an average of several ethnic groups including Caucasian, non-Hispanic black, and Mexican American. The specific data for Mexican-Americans were typically 10%
29、lower than the average values. Dimensions for the different BOMAB phantoms shown in Tables A2 through A6 were calculated based on the NHANES data in Table A1 to scale from the reference BOMAB dimensions. The torso section of the 95th percentile phantom is quite heavy and can be difficult to handle.
30、The Human Monitoring Laboratory in Canada has divided their torso section into two pieces for ease of handling. For the purposes of this standard a two-piece torso section is acceptable with the caveat that the total phantom dimensions must be within the specified tolerances. The appropriate amount
31、of potassium should be incorporated into a phantom for applications such as estimating MDA or estimating background count rates from people. This requires a phantom to contain a representative amount of potassium. Table A7 contains suggested values for the potassium content of phantoms of different
32、sizes. The total mass of potassium added to the different sizes of BOMAB phantoms should be within 20% of the mass values in Table A7. The potassium should be homogeneously distributed in the filler material. The amount of potassium added to the phantom should be factored into the calculation of the
33、 radiation interaction coefficients for the phantom.Table A1. Heights and weights for different ages.a Adult Adult 1 yrb5 yrsb10 yrsbfemale male 95% MalecHeight (cm) 91 0.3 113 0.6 142 0.7 162 0.14 176 0.14 188 0.15 Weight (kg) 10 0.3 21 0.5 39 0.65 74 0.46 86 0.42 121 0.60 aData (mean 1 standard er
34、ror of mean) from NHANES data for United States from 19992002. bAverage of male and female values. cUncertainty in height and weight values based on the standard error of the mean for the adult male. Table A2. Contemporary 4-year-old BOMAB phantom dimensions. Section Dimension 2a (cm) Dimension 2b (
35、cm) Height (cm) Fill volume (cc) Head 12 12 12 1,050 Neck 9 9 7 300Thorax 15 21 25 5,280 Abdomen 14 25 13 2,940 Thighs 11 11 25 1,890 Legs 9 9 24 1,160 Arms 7 7 35 960Total 106 17,590 ANSI/HPS N13.35-2009 7 Table A3. Contemporary 10-year-old BOMAB phantom dimensions. Section Dimension 2a (cm) Dimens
36、ion 2b (cm) Height (cm) Fill volume (cc) Head 12 15 16 1,810 Neck 11 11 9 630Thorax 18 25 34 10,600 Abdomen 17 30 17 5,800 Thighs 13 13 34 3,730Legs 10 10 33 2,040 Arms 8 8 46 1,730Total 143 33,840 Table A4. Contemporary female BOMAB phantom dimensions. Section Dimension 2a (cm) Dimension 2b (cm) He
37、ight (cm) Fill volume (cc) Head 15 20 18 3,550 Neck 13 13 10 1,020 Thorax 21 32 39 18,500 Abdomen 21 35 19 9,600 Thighs 15 15 38 5,700 Legs 12 12 38 3,500 Arms 10 10 52 3,240 Total 162 57,550 Table A5. Contemporary male BOMAB phantom dimensions.a Section Dimension 2a (cm) Dimension 2b (cm) Height (c
38、m) Fill volume (cc) Head 15 20 21 4,180 Neck 13 13 11 1,130 Thorax 24 33 41 23,120 Abdomen 24 38 21 13,370 Thighs 16 16 41 7,070 Legs 13 13 41 4,520 Arms 11 11 60 4,630 Total 176 74,240 aWall thickness is 0.5 cm. ANSI/HPS N13.35-2009 8 Table A6. Contemporary 95th percentile male BOMAB phantom dimens
39、ions.a Section Dimension 2a (cm) Dimension 2b (cm) Height (cm) Fill volume (cc) Head 17 23 23 6,100 Neck 15 15 13 1,800 Thorax 27 36 43 30,000 Abdomen 25 43 23 17,400 Thighs 19 19 43 10,700 Legs 15 15 43 6,500 Arms 13 13 60 6,700 Total 188 103,100 aWall thickness is 0.5 cm. Table A7. Potassium conte
40、nt for BOMAB phantoms of different sizes. Phantom type Potassium (g) 4 yr. Old 30 3 10 yr. Old 60 6 Ref. female 100 10 Ref. male 140 14 95% male 190 19 ANSI/HPS N13.35-2009 9 Annex B (Informative) BOMAB Phantom Photograph, Cross-Sectional Diagram, and Historical Dimensions Fig. B1 is a photograph of
41、 a reference BOMAB phantom. Right circular cylinders are used for the neck, arms, and legs; elliptical cylinder-shaped containers are used for the head, thorax, and abdomen. In the original design, the suggested orientation for the head section is rotated 90 degrees along the vertical axis of the ph
42、antom from the position shown. Fig. B2 illustrates the semi-major axis, semi-minor axis, and height dimensions of the BOMAB containers. Tables B1 through B4 contain historical information on the BOMAB dimensions. These data were used to help derive the tolerances for the BOMAB dimensions and volumes
43、 used in this standard. Table B1 contains information on the dimensions of the BOMAB phantom used by Delafield in a 1974 report that describes neutron capture probability related to sodium activation in the body. The wall thickness for this phantom design was 0.48 cm. Table B2 contains volume data f
44、or the BOMAB phantom described in a 1962 article by Sanders et al. showing the relationship between neutron dose and 24Na production in anthropomorphic phantoms. The upper and lower torso sections for this style of phantom correspond to the abdomen and thorax sections, respectively, that are describ
45、ed in the other BOMAB phantom references. The data in Table B3 are for a BOMAB phantom described in a 1949 article by Bush that describes a methodology for calculating auto-integral doses from homogeneously distributed radioactive material in the body. A density of 1 g mL1was assumed to determine th
46、e 68,300-cc volume. The data in Table B4 are for a BOMAB phantom described in a 1946 article by Bush that pertains to estimating energy absorption in the body from radium therapy. The data in Table B5 are taken from ICRU 48. The lengths of the phantom arm sections are not specified. The height of th
47、e reference adult male phantom is given as 180 cm. This measurement is 10 cm taller than the previously defined phantoms and is due to the head sections height (30 cm) being 10 cm greater than the height of the head sections for other BOMAB designs. The height of the reference adult female is given
48、as 160 cm, the reference 4-year-old as 105 cm, and the reference 10-year-old as 140 cm. Fig. B1. BOMAB phantom. ANSI/HPS N13.35-2009 10 Height Table B1. BOMAB dimensions from Delafield (1974). Section Dimension 2a (cm) Dimension 2b (cm) Height (cm) Fill volume (cc) Head 14 19 20 3,500 Neck 13 13 10
49、1,050 Thorax 20 30 40 17,000 Abdomen 20 36 20 9,990 Thighs 15 15 40 6,060 Legs 12 12 3,740 Arms 10 10 60 3,790 Table B2. BOMAB fill volumes from Sanders et al. (1962). Section Volume (mL) Head 3,450 Neck 972 Upper torso 9,715 Lower torso 17,015 Left upper leg 5,940 Left lower leg 3,670 Right upper leg 5,940 Right lower leg 3
