1、IEEE Std 1484.1-2003IEEE Standards1484.1TMIEEE Standard for LearningTechnologyLearning TechnologySystems Architecture (LTSA)Published by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA12 December 2003IEEE Computer SocietySponsored by theLearning
2、 Technology Standards CommitteeIEEE StandardsPrint: SH95141PDF: SS95141Recognized as anAmerican National Standard (ANSI)The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USACopyright 2003 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.A
3、ll rights reserved. Published 12 December 2003. Printed in the United States of America.IEEE is a registered trademarks in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educationalclassroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Ce
4、nter.Note: Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject mat-ter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence orvalidity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE sh
5、all not be responsible for identifying patentsfor which a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity orscope of those patents that are brought to its attention.Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.iiiIntroductionThis introduction is not part o
6、f IEEE Std 1484.1-2003, IEEE Standard for Learning TechnologyLearning TechnologySystems Architecture (LTSA).The Learning Systems Technology Architecture (LTSA) is an architecture based on abstract components.Higher-level abstractions can be “implemented” in lower levels: either as lower-level abstra
7、ctions, or asactual implementations.Learning technology systems (“implementations”) can be mapped to/from LTSA. The boundaries, func-tions, and decomposition of actual or other abstract learning technology systems might not have the samestructure as LTSA, i.e., the mapping to LTSA might not be “one-
8、to-one” (in the mathematical sense). Not alllearning technology systems will have all components of LTSA, i.e., the mapping to LTSA might not be“onto” (in the mathematical sense).The LTSA is intended to have wide applicability to learning technology systems. No particular generationtechnology is imp
9、lied with LTSA, so LTSA might apply to the past (e.g., historic systems of 10, 30, and 100years ago), the present (e.g., existing systems), and future (e.g., systems of 10 years from now).The LTSA was developed (19962002) in the IEEE 1484.1 Architecture and Reference Model WorkingGroup of the IEEE L
10、earning Technology Standards Committee (LTSC). The web page for the 1484.1 Work-ing Group and related resources is: “http:/ltsc.ieee.org/wg1.”ParticipantsAt the time this standard was completed, the working group had the following membership:John Tyler,ChairBrant Cheikes,Chair (19961999)Frank Faranc
11、e,Technical EditorJoshua Tonkel,Technical EditorThe following members of the balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have voted forapproval, disapproval, or abstention.Carlos C. AmaroMitch BonnettDebbie BrownMike CollettErik DuvalMike ForeEddy ForteJack HydeIgor AizenbergAnastasios
12、 KoutoumanosRolf LindnerBill McDonaldWilliam MeltonBill OlivierClaude OstynBruce PeoplesMike PetitDan RehakTyde RichardsKevin RileyJim SchoeningKathy SinitsaDan SuthersTom WasonEamonn WebsterCarlos C. AmaroMorris BalamutMitch BonnettPaul BoydGuru Dutt DhingraFrank FaranceMike ForeEddy ForteWayne Hod
13、ginsRobert KelseyJim LoganGregory LuriJon MasonWilliam MeltonRaye NewmenBruce PeoplesDan RehakRobby RobsonDavid RockwellBruno SamuelRandy SaundersJim SchoeningYuriy SheyninKathy SinitsaThomas StaraiJoshua TonkelJohn TylerEamonn WebsterPaul WorkivCopyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.When the IEEE
14、-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 12 June 2003, it had the followingmembership:Don Wright,ChairHoward M. Frazier,Vice ChairJudith Gorman,Secretary*Member EmeritusAlso included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:Alan Cookson, NIST RepresentativeSatish K. Aggarwal
15、, NRC RepresentativeAndrew IckowiczIEEE Standards Project EditorH. Stephen BergerJoe BruderBob DavisRichard DeBlasioJulian Forster*Toshio FukudaArnold M. GreenspanRaymond HapemanDonald M. HeirmanLaura HitchcockRichard H. HulettAnant JainLowell G. JohnsonJoseph L. Koepfinger*Tom McGeanSteve MillsDale
16、ep C. MohlaWilliam J. MoylanPaul NikolichGary RobinsonMalcolm V. ThadenGeoffrey O. ThompsonDoug ToppingHoward L. WolfmanCopyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.vContents1. Overview 11.1 Scope 11.2 Purpose. 11.3 Normative wording vs. informative wording. 21.4 Document organization (road map) .22. Re
17、ferences 23. Definitions, abbreviations, and acronyms 43.1 Normative definitions 43.2 Informative definitions. 63.3 Abbreviations and acronyms 74. Conformance 74.1 Identifying conforming LTSA system components. 74.2 Implementation conformance statement 75. System components . 85.1 Component organiza
18、tion 95.2 Learner entity. 95.3 Learning parameters. 105.4 Behavior. 115.5 Evaluation 115.6 Learner information stored/retrieved by evaluation 125.7 Learner records 135.8 Learner information received by system coach . 145.9 Learner information stored by system coach. 145.10 Assessment information. 15
19、5.11 Coach 165.12 Query. 185.13 Learning resources 195.14 Catalog information 205.15 Locator sent by coach . 205.16 Locator sent by delivery 215.17 Learning content . 225.18 Delivery. 225.19 Interaction context 235.20 Multimedia 245.21 Multiple roles for humans (informative). 245.22 Conceptual vs. a
20、ctual implementations (informative) 25Annex A (informative) Stakeholder perspectives and priorities 26Annex B (informative) Operational components and interoperability . 29Annex C (informative) Architecture overview and general concepts 31viCopyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.Annex D (informati
21、ve) Illustrations of stakeholder mappings . 36Annex E (normative) Pro Forma Implementation Conformance Statement 85Annex F (informative) Illustrations of conforming implementations 87Annex G (informative) Conformance to IEEE Std 1471-2000 92Annex H (informative) A description of system notation 93An
22、nex I (informative) Bibliography. 97Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.1IEEE Standard for Learning TechnologyLearning Technology Systems Architecture (LTSA)1. Overview1.1 ScopeThis standard specifies a high-level architecture for information technology-supported learning, education,and trainin
23、g systems that describes the high-level system design and the components of these systems. Thisstandard covers a wide range of systems, commonly known as learning technology, education and trainingtechnology, computer-based training, computer assisted instruction, intelligent tutoring, etc. This sta
24、ndard ispedagogically neutral, content-neutral, culturally neutral, implementation-neutral, and platform-neutral.This standard provides a framework for understanding existing and future systems, promotes interoperabil-ity and portability by identifying abstract, high-level system interfaces, and inc
25、orporates a technical horizon(applicability) of at least 510 years while remaining adaptable to new technologies and learning technologysystems. This standard will facilitate the development of configuration guidelines (e.g., profiles) for generallearning technology systems. This standard is neither
26、 prescriptive nor exclusive.1.2 PurposeIn general, the purpose of developing system architectures is to create high-level frameworks for understand-ing certain kinds of systems, their subsystems, and their interactions with related systems, i.e., more than onearchitecture is possible.An architecture
27、 is not a blueprint for designing a single system, but a framework for designing a range ofsystems over time, and for the analysis and comparison of these systems, i.e., an architecture is used foranalysis and communication.By revealing the shared components of different systems at the right level o
28、f generality, an architecture pro-motes the design and implementation of components and subsystems that are reusable, cost-effective andadaptable, i.e., abstract, high-level interoperability interfaces and services are identified.The architectural framework developed in this standard does not addres
29、s the specific implementation detailsnecessary to create learning technology system components.IEEEStd 1484.1-2003 IEEE STANDARD FOR LEARNING TECHNOLOGY2Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.1.3 Normative wording vs. informative wordingThis document contains two types of technical description:Nor
30、mative wording:This wording places technical requirements on conforming implementationsnormative wording is the essence of this standard. Conformity assessment (e.g., conformance test-ing) is based solely on normative wording. Normative wording excludes introductory material, over-view, rationale, f
31、ootnotes, examples, bibliography, and informative clauses, subclauses, and annexes.Informative wording:This wording is helpful, but not required, for understanding this document. Thenotes given provide clarification of the text, examples, and guidancethey do not contain technicalrequirements and do
32、not form an integral part of this standard.1.4 Document organization (road map)The following is an overview of each clause and annex appearing in this standard. Clause 1 (Introduction): background information and a high-level summary of the features of thisstandard. Clause 2 (Normative references):
33、normative wording that is incorporated by reference to other stan-dards and specifications. Clause 3 (Definitions): a list of terms and their definitions, and a list of abbreviations. Clause 4 (Conformance): the technical requirements for claiming conformance to this standard. Clause 5 (System compo
34、nents): the third refinement layer, the system components identified inlearner-related design features, i.e., addressing the strengths and weaknesses of interacting withhumans in learning technology systems. Annex A (Implementation perspectives and priorities): the next refinement layer, learning sy
35、stemsfrom a variety of perspectives. Annex B (Operational components and interoperability): the bottom refinement layer, generic com-ponents and building blocks of information technology systems as applied to learning technology. Annex C (Architecture overview and general concepts, informative): an
36、overview of the architecturedescribed in terms of refinement layers. Each layer is summarized. Annex D (Illustrations of stakeholder mappings, informative): examples of the fourth refinementlayer, learning systems from a variety of perspectives. Annex E (Pro forma implementation conformance statemen
37、t, normative): the form that must be com-pleted so that implementations can claim conformance to this standard. Annex F (Illustrations of conforming implementations, informative): a small collection of implemen-tations that illustrate how Clause 4 is applied. Annex G (Conformance to IEEE Std 1471-20
38、00, informative): how LTSA conforms to IEEE Std1471-2000 B9 for architectural description. Annex H (A description of system notation, informative): a description of the notation used in thisstandard for system components. Annex I (Bibliography, informative): informative references to related documen
39、tation.2. ReferencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this standards. For dated refer-ences, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document(including any amendments) applies.ISO/IEC 2382-1, Information t
40、echnologyVocabularyPart 1: Fundamental Terms.11ISO/IEC publications are available from the ISO Central Secretariat, Case Postale 56, 1 rue de Varemb, CH-1211, Genve 20, Swit-zerland/Suisse (http:/www.iso.ch/). ISO/IEC publications are also available in the United States from the Sales Department, Am
41、ericanNational Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA (http:/www.ansi.org/).IEEELEARNING TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE (LTSA) Std 1484.1-2003Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.3ISO/IEC 2382-2, Data ProcessingVocabularySection 2: Logic Operation.ISO/IEC 2
42、382-3, Information Processing SystemsVocabularyPart 3.ISO/IEC 2382-4, Information technologyVocabularyPart 4: Organization of Data.ISO/IEC 2382-5, Information Processing SystemsVocabularyPart 5: Representation of Data.ISO/IEC 2382-6, Information Processing SystemsVocabularyPart 6.ISO/IEC 2382-7, Inf
43、ormation technologyVocabularyPart 7: Computer Programming.ISO/IEC 2382-8, Information technologyVocabularyPart 8: Security.ISO/IEC 2382-9, Information technologyVocabularyPart 9: Data Communication.ISO/IEC 2382-10, Data ProcessingVocabularySection 10: Operating Technology.ISO/IEC 2382-11, Informatio
44、n Processing SystemsVocabularyPart 11.ISO/IEC 2382-12, Information Processing SystemsVocabularyPart 12: Peripheral Equipment.ISO/IEC 2382-13, Information technologyVocabularyPart 13: Computer Graphics.ISO/IEC 2382-14, Information technologyVocabularyPart 14: Reliability, Maintainability, andAvailabi
45、lity.ISO/IEC 2382-15, Data ProcessingVocabularyPart 15: Programming Languages.ISO/IEC 2382-16, Information technologyVocabularyPart 16: Information Theory.ISO/IEC 2382-17, Information technologyVocabularyPart 17: Databases.ISO/IEC 2382-18, Information Processing SystemsVocabularyPart 18: Distributed
46、 Data Processing.ISO/IEC 2382-19, Information Processing SystemsVocabularyPart 19: Analog Computing.ISO/IEC 2382-20, Information technologyVocabularyPart 20: System Development.ISO/IEC 2382-21, Data ProcessingVocabularyPart 21: Interfaces.ISO/IEC 2382-22, Information Processing SystemsVocabularyPart
47、 22.ISO/IEC 2382-23, Information technologyVocabularyPart 23: Text Processing.ISO/IEC 2382-24, Information technologyVocabularyPart 24: Computer-Integrated Manufacturing.ISO/IEC 2382-25, Information technologyVocabularyPart 25: Local Area Networks.ISO/IEC 2382-26, Information technologyVocabularyPar
48、t 26: Open Systems Interconnection.ISO/IEC 2382-27, Information technologyVocabularyPart 27: Office Automation.IEEEStd 1484.1-2003 IEEE STANDARD FOR LEARNING TECHNOLOGY4Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.ISO/IEC 2382-28, Information technologyVocabularyPart 28: Artificial IntelligenceBasic Con
49、ceptsand Expert Systems.ISO/IEC 2382-29, Information technologyVocabularyPart 29: Artificial IntelligenceSpeech Recogni-tion and Synthesis.ISO/IEC 2382-31, Information technologyVocabularyPart 31: Artificial IntelligenceMachineLearning.ISO/IEC 2382-32, Information technologyVocabularyPart 32: Electronic Mail.ISO/IEC 2382-34, Information technologyVocabularyPart 34: Artificial IntelligenceNeuralNetworks.3. Definitions, abbreviations, and acronymsFor the purposes of this stan
