1、IEEE Std 377-1980(R2003)IEEE Recommended Practice for Measurement of Spurious Emission from Land-Mobile Communication TransmittersSponsorStandards Technical Committeeof theIEEE Electromagnetic Compatability SocietyReaffirmed September 11, 2003Reaffirmed September 26, 1991IEEE Standards BoardReaffirm
2、ed February 9, 1987Reaffirmed May 6, 1992American National Standards Institute Copyright 1980 byThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IncNo part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without theprior written permission of
3、the publisher.Approved March 15, 1979IEEE Standards BoardJoseph L. Koepfinger, Chair Irvin N. Howell, Jr, Vice Chair Ivan G. Easton, Secretary G. Y. R. AllenWilliam E. AndrusC. N. BerglundEdwardChellottiEdward J. CohenWarren H. CookR. O. DuncanJay ForsterHarold S. GoldbergRichard J. GowenH. Mark Gro
4、veLoering M. JohnsonIrving KolodnyW. R. KruesiLeon LevyJ. E. MayDonald T. Michael*R. L. PritchardF. RosaRalph M. ShowersJ. W. SkooglundW. E. VannahB. W. Whittington*Member emeritusiiiForeword(This Foreword is not a part of IEEE Std 377-1980, IEEE Recommended Practice for Measurement of Spurious Emis
5、sion fromLand-Mobile Communication Transmitters.)This standard was initiated as Project No 712-53, by the IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Group Committee 27.0.The project was approved by the IEEE Standards Committee on June 3, 1971. Subcommittee 27.7 was assigned thetask. This subcommittee had re
6、cently completed a standard covering Measurement of Radio Noise Generated byMotor Vehicles. Continuing coordination with The IEEE Group on Vehicular Technology, the Electronics IndustriesAssociation and the International Electrotechnical Commission via common membership, was maintained.The purpose o
7、f the measurement procedures is to enable design and system engineers engaged in a variety ofdevelopment projects, to achieve uniform results, in recognizing sources and nature of radio frequency spuriousemissions emanating from vehicular communications transmitters. The measurement procedure enable
8、s quantitativeresults, which determine the magnitude of undesired by-products of a transmitters RF carrier generation. The specificspurious emissions measured, are not readily recognized, except as they deprecate the performance of receiversassociated with the transmitter or which are located in a m
9、oderately near field environment. In a modern vehicleemploying a computerized fuel management system, the spurious emissions can be quite destructive.A prime objective of the standard was to develop methods employing basically standard laboratory measuringequipment and produce useful planning or des
10、ign data from which performance characteristics could be accuratelyderived.The present members of the IEEE Electromagnetic Compatability Society Subcommittee 27.7 are:J. R. Neubauer, Chair Arnold BrennerJ. F. ChappellF. J. HollisterN. H. ShepherdDr. R. M. ShowersThe members of the IEEE Electromagnet
11、ic Compatability Society Standards Committee are:Harold E. Taggart, Chair Leonard W. Thomas, Vice Chair J. E. Bridges*W. E. CoryHugh DennyDr. Carl L. FrederickEugene D. KnowlesGeorge KunkelJohn R. NeubauerDr. Ralph M. ShowersEdward SkomalRalph E. TaylorLeslie A. Wall*Past ChairmanivCLAUSE PAGE1. Sco
12、pe.11.1 Subsystems. 11.2 Limitations . 11.3 Supplementary Testing 22. Definition of Terms.22.1 General . 22.2 Standard Reference Terms . 22.3 Performance Characteristics 33. References.34. Test Conditions, Apparatus and Assembly .44.1 Test Conditions 44.2 Test Apparatus . 54.3 Test Assembly 135. Tes
13、t Procedures and Presentation of Data.135.1 Conducted Spurious Emission . 135.2 Modulation Sidebands and Broadband Noise Spurious Emission. 155.3 Narrowband Spurious Emission. 165.4 Intermodulation Spurious Emission. 205.5 Conducted Spurious Emission on Power, Ground Return and Control Lines . 215.6
14、 Radiated Spurious Emission from Cabinet 221IEEE Recommended Practice for Measurement of Spurious Emission from Land-Mobile Communication Transmitters1. ScopeThis recommended practice covers definitions of terms, controlled test conditions, test apparatus, test methods and datapresentation, all of w
15、hich form the basis for establishing the energy levels of spurious emissions of mobilecommunication transmitters designed to generate frequency-modulated (FM) signals in the frequency range of 25 MHzto 1000 MHz. Procedures for measuring both broadband and narrowband spectra are provided for both con
16、ducted andradiated emissions. Specified limits are not included. However, reference values which are not limited by the state ofthe art are provided. Transmitter test conditions, apparatus and method are based on standard instrumentation andmeasuring techniques and do not require any special apparat
17、us other than necessary terminal simulators. Theprocedures do not cover the associated antenna and transmission lines.1.1 SubsystemsIn those cases where transmitters are equipped with special function subsystems, such as selective calling, dialingsupervision or other keying devices, said systems sha
18、ll be disabled. An exception is continuous tone modulatedequipment.This recommended practice does not provide for testing of transmitters which include subsystems that cannot bedisabled or bypassed.1.2 LimitationsThis recommended practice is limited to measurements of single channel voice modulated
19、transmitters independent oftheir application to any specific communication system. Spurious energy levels contained within the transmittersintegral control system are not measured. Methods of testing or specific apparatus for use in testing of personalportable type transmitters employing integral an
20、tennas and audio input devices are not included.2 Copyright 1980 IEEE All Rights ReservedIEEE Std 377-1980 IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR MEASUREMENT OF SPURIOUS1.3 Supplementary TestingSpecial function subsystems which may require supplementary test methods are not covered by this recommendedpractic
21、e.2. Definition of Terms2.1 GeneralDefinitions given are limited to those terms or expressions unique to the purpose of this recommended practice. Termsused in standard texts, related industry standards or recognized by common usage are not defined, except where theapplication within the context of
22、this recommended practice requires specific limitation.2.2 Standard Reference Termsnarrowband spurious emission: Any spurious output emitted from a radio transmitter, other than on its assignedfrequency, which produces a disturbance of spectral energy lying within the bandpass of the measuring recei
23、ver in use.near field region: The region of the field of an antenna between the reactive near field region and the far field regionwherein radiation fields predominate and wherein the angular field distribution is dependent upon distance from theantenna.NOTES:1 If the antenna has a maximum overall d
24、imension which is not large compared to the wavelength, this field region may notexist.2 For an antenna focused at infinity, the radiating near field region is sometimes referred to as the Fresnel region on the basisof analogy to optical terminology.far field region: The region of the field of an an
25、tenna where the angular field distribution is essentially independent ofthe distance from the antenna.NOTES:1 If the antenna has a maximum overall dimension (D) that is large compared to the wavelength (l ), the far field region iscommonly taken to exist at distances greater than 2D2l from the anten
26、na.2 For an antenna focused at infinity, the far field region is sometimes referred to as the Fraunhofer region on the basis of analogyto optical terminology.spurious transmitter output, conducted: Any spurious output of a radio transmitter conducted over a tangibletransmission path.NOTE Power lines
27、, control leads, radio frequency transmission lines and waveguides are all considered as tangible paths in theforegoing definition. Radiation is not considered a tangible path in this definition.broadband spurious emission: The term as used in this recommended practice is applicable to modulation pr
28、oductsnear the carrier frequency generated as a result of the normal modulation process of the transmitter and appearing inthe spectrum outside the authorized bandwidth (FCC). The products may result from overdeviation or internaldistortion and noise and may have a Gaussian distribution.standard tra
29、nsmitter test modulation: The standard test modulation shall be 60% of the maximum rated deviationat 1 kHz.spurious emission power: Any part of the radio frequency output that is not a component of the theoretical output, asdetermined by the type of modulation and specified bandwidth limitations.Cop
30、yright 1980 IEEE All Rights Reserved 3EMISSION FROM LAND-MOBILE COMMUNICATION TRANSMITTERS IEEE Std 377-1980 conducted spurious emission power: Any part of the spurious emission power output conducted over a tangibletransmission path. Radiation is not considered a tangible path.radiated spurious emi
31、ssion power: Any part of the spurious emission power output radiated from the transmitterenclosure, independent of any associated transmission lines or antenna, in the form of an electromagnetic fieldcomposed of variations of the intensity of electric and magnetic fields.spurious emission power radi
32、ation field: That portion of the spurious emission power which may be radiated froma transmitter enclosure and which can be measured in the near or far field regions.near field region, radiating: (See near field region.) Measurement is limited to the region external to the inductionfield and extendi
33、ng to the outer boundary of the reactive field which is commonly taken to exist at a distance of l /2p .Either the electric or magnetic component of the radiated energy may be used to determine the magnitude of powerpresent.far field region, radiating: (See far field region.) Measurement is performe
34、d at or beyond a distance of 3l , but notless than 1 m.antenna correction factor: A factor (usually supplied with the antenna) which, when properly applied to the meterreading of the measuring instrument, yields the electric field strength in V/m or the magnetic field strength in A/m.NOTES:1 This fa
35、ctor includes the effects of antenna effective length and impedance mismatch plus transmission line losses.2 The factor for electric field strength is not necessarily the same as the factor for the magnetic field strength.2.3 Performance Characteristicsspurious transmitter output, extraband: Spuriou
36、s output of a transmitter outside of its specified band oftransmission.intermodulation spurious emission: External radio frequency (RF) emission of a transmitter which is a product ofthe nonlinear mixing process in the final stage of the transmitter which occurs when external RF power is coupledthro
37、ugh the antenna output.modulation sideband spectrum: The sideband energy produced at a discrete frequency separation from the carrierdue to all sources of unwanted noise within the transmitter in a modulated condition.SINAD: An acronym for signal plus noise plus distortion to noise plus distortion r
38、atio, expressed in dB, where thesignal plus noise plus distortion is the audio power recovered from a modulated radio frequency carrier, and the noiseplus distortion is the residual audio power present after the audio signal is removed. This ratio is a measure of audiooutput signal quality for a giv
39、en receiver audio power output level.3. References1 ANSI C63.2-1979, Specifications for Electromagnetic Noise and Field-Strength Instrumentation, 10 kHz to 1GHz12 ANSI C63.3-1964, Specifications for Radio-Noise and Field-Strength Meters, 20 to 100 Megacycles/Second 3 ANSI/IEEE Std 100-1977, Standard
40、 Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms 4 IEEE Std ANSI/IEEE Std 152-1953 (Reaff 1971) Recommended Practice for Volume Measurements of ElectricalSpeech and Program Waves, 1ANSI documents are available from the American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10017.4 Copyr
41、ight 1980 IEEE All Rights ReservedIEEE Std 377-1980 IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR MEASUREMENT OF SPURIOUS5 ANSI/IEEE Std 184-1969, Test Procedure for Frequency-Modulated Mobile Communications Receivers 6 ANSI/IEEE Std 376-1975, Standard for the Measurement of Impulse Strength and Impulse Bandwidth 7
42、 IEEE Std 151-1965 (Reaff 1971), Standard Definitions of Terms for Audio and Electroacoustics 8 IEEE Std 291-1969, Standards Report on Measuring Field Strength in Radio Wave Propagation 9 IEC Pub No 106-1974, Recommended Methods of Measurement of Radiated and Conducted Interference fromReceivers for
43、 Amplitude Modulation, Frequency Modulation, and Television Broadcast Transmissions24. Test Conditions, Apparatus and Assembly4.1 Test ConditionsIn order to reproduce and verify the data resulting from the tests included in this test procedure, the temperature andhumidity shall be specified in the d
44、ata presentation. The test supply voltage shall be equivalent to the voltage which isnormally applied to the input of the power cables supplied with the transmitter. The voltage shall be recorded with thedata presentation. The following requirements provide measurements with reasonable accuracy and
45、illustrateminimum test equipment configurations to support the method of measurement recommended.4.1.1 EnvironmentalCase radiation of narrowband spurious and harmonic emissions are measured by the open field measurement technique.Figure 1 illustrates the configuration of the measurement system. The
46、measuring equipment is located within a shieldedenclosure, separate from the equipment to be tested. The equipment to be tested is mounted on a turntable in an openarea. The ambient electromagnetic energy level within the shielded enclosure shall be at least 10 dB below theminimum level to be measur
47、ed. The open area should provide unobstructed clearance in all directions from the antennaprobe and the unit under test for a distance of at least 30 m to prevent multipath from reflecting or conducting objects(for example, large buildings, electric lines, buried pipes, metallic fences and trees).Th
48、e turntable shall have an effective ground plane defined by the following. The area shall not be less than 2.25 m2. Thethickness shall not be less than 0.25 mm for copper, 0.63 mm for brass. The smallest lineal dimension shall not be lessthan 76.0 cm. It shall be bonded by a single conduction point
49、to a common earth reference point with a minimumbonding resistance of 2.5 mW . The equipment base plate shall be connected to this point by a minimum of four bondingstraps. The bonding straps shall have a length not greater than 5 times the width, with a maximum thickness of 0.064 cm.Braid shall not be used. Preferred metals are copper or brass. Equipment mounting bases of dissimilar metals shall not beused unless they are close together in the electromotive series or suitably plated to minimize galvanic or electrolyticcorrosion. The ground plane o
