1、 IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Grounding System Sponsored by the Substations Committee IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA 28 December 2012 IEEE Power and Energy SocietyIEEE Std 81-2012(Revision of IEEE Std 81-1983) IEEE St
2、d 81TM-2012 (Revision of IEEE Std 81-1983) IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Grounding System Sponsor Substations Committee of the IEEE Power and Energy Society Approved 5 December 2012 IEEE-SA Standards BoardApproved 3 October 2014 Ameri
3、can National Standards InstituteAbstract: Practical test methods and techniques are presented for measuring the electrical characteristics of grounding systems. Topics addressed include safety considerations, measuring earth resistivity, measuring the power system frequency resistance or impedance o
4、f the ground system to remote earth, measuring the transient or surge impedance of the ground system to remote earth, measuring step and touch voltages, verifying the integrity of the grounding system, reviewing common methods for performing ground testing, reviewing instrumentation characteristics
5、and limitations, and reviewing various factors that can distort test measurements. Keywords: electrical measurements, ground impedance, ground potential rise, ground resistance, ground testing, IEEE 81TM, remote earth, soil resistivity The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Pa
6、rk Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2012 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 28 December 2012. Printed in the United States of America. National Electrical Safety Code and NESC are registered trademarks in the U.S. Patent +1 978
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20、12 IEEE. All rights reserved. Participants At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Grounding System Working Group had the following membership: Dennis DeCosta, Chair Robert
21、Brown, Vice Chair William Sheh, Secretary Hanna Abdallah Stan Arnot Thomas Barnes Bryan Beske Dale Boling Steven Brown K. S. Chan Koushik Chanda E. Peter Dick Marcia Eblen Gary Engmann D. Lane Garrett Steven Greenfield Martin Havelka Jeffrey Jowett Richard Keil Dave Kelley Donald Laird Henri Lemeill
22、eur Allen Love Sakis Meliopoulos Mike Noori Robert Nowell Shashi Patel Jesse Rorabaugh Hamid Sharifnia Douglas Smith Curtis Stidham Brian Story Alexander WongThe following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or absten
23、tion. Hanna Abdallah William Ackerman Michael Adams Ali Al Awazi Stan Arnot Michael Baldwin Thomas Barnes Robert Barnett G. Bartok Earle Bascom III George Becker W. J. (Bill) Bergman Bryan Beske Steven Bezner Wallace Binder Dale Boling Dieter Braun Jeffrey Britton Derek Brown Steven Brown William Bu
24、sh Mark Bushnell William Byrd Thomas Callsen Michael Champagne Koushik Chanda Robert Christman Randy Clelland Bryan Cole Jerry Corkran Alireza Daneshpooy Glenn Davis Dennis DeCosta Gary Donner Douglas Dorr Donald Dunn Marcia Eblen Michael Edds Gary Engmann Brian Erga C. Erven Rabiz Foda Marcel Forti
25、n Fredric Friend D. Lane Garrett George Gela Frank Gerleve David Giegel David Gilmer Jalal Gohari Edwin Goodwin James Graham Joseph Gravelle Steven Greenfield Randall Groves Bal Gupta Ajit Gwal David Harris Martin Havelka Lee Herron Gary Heuston Scott Hietpas Raymond Hill Robert Hoerauf Ronald Hotch
26、kiss R. Jackson Joseph Jancauskas Jeffrey Jowett Richard Keil Chad Kennedy Gael Kennedy Yuri Khersonsky Chad Kiger James Kinney Hermann Koch Joseph L. Koepfinger Jim Kulchisky Saumen Kundu Donald Laird Chung-Yiu Lam Benjamin Lanz Thomas La Rose Michael Lauxman Albert Livshitz Debra Longtin Greg Luri
27、 Jinxi Ma Jorge Marquez John Mcalhaney, Jr. William McBride Edward McCall William McCoy Nigel McQuin Daleep Mohla Georges Montillet Adi Mulawarman Jerry Murphy Arun Narang Dennis Neitzel vii Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. Arthur Neubauer Michael S. Newman Nick S. A. Nikjoo Robert Nowell L
28、orraine Padden Donald Parker Bansi Patel Shashi Patel Donald Platts Percy Pool Reynaldo Ramos Johannes Rickmann Michael Roberts Charles Rogers Jesse Rorabaugh Thomas Rozek Steven Sano Bartien Sayogo Dennis Schlender Robert Seitz Devki Sharma William Sheh Gil Shultz Douglas Smith James Smith Jerry Sm
29、ith Gary Stoedter Brian Story Allan St. Peter William Taylor David Tepen John Toth Jonathan Tucker John Vergis Keith Wallace S. Frank Waterer Yingli Wen Donald Wengerter Kenneth White James Wilson Alexander Wong Larry Yonce Larry Young Jian Yu Luis Zambrano Matthew Zeedyk When the IEEE-SA Standards
30、Board approved this standard on 5 December 2012, it had the following membership: Richard H. Hulett, Chair John Kulick, Vice Chair Robert Grow, Past Chair Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary Satish Aggarwal Masayuki Ariyoshi Peter Balma William Bartley Ted Burse Clint Chaplin Wael Diab Jean-Philippe
31、 Faure Alexander Gelman Paul Houz Jim Hughes Young Kyun Kim Joseph L. Koepfinger* David J. Law Thomas Lee Hung Ling Oleg Logvinov Ted Olsen Gary Robinson Jon Walter Rosdahl Mike Seavey Yatin Trivedi Phil Winston Yu Yuan *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Boa
32、rd liaisons: Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Catherine Berger IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Soo H. Kim IEEE Client Services Manager, Professional Services viii Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This introduction is
33、 not part of IEEE Std 81-2012, IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Grounding System. IEEE Std 81TM-1983 B36awas prepared by the Power System Instrumentation and Measurement Committee of the IEEE Power and Energy Society. The guide was inten
34、ded to cover the majority of field measurements that did not require special, high-precision equipment and did not address unusual difficulties that can occur in large grounding systems, abnormally high stray alternating currents (ac) or direct currents (dc), and so on. In 1991, IEEE Std 81 was reaf
35、firmed and IEEE Std 81.2-1991 B37 was released to cover the measurement of very low impedances (less than 1 ohm) along with specialized instrumentation, measurement techniques, and safety considerations. After nearly two decades of inactivity, the Substation Committee of the IEEE Power and Energy So
36、ciety determined that IEEE Std 81-1983 and IEEE Std 81.2-1991 contained subject matter that is very relevant for applications in electric utility facilities, but the standards needed to be updated. A working group was formed to combine both standards into a singular document that included updated in
37、strumentation, techniques, and information. This document represents the efforts of that working group. aThe numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex F. ix Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 2 2. Normative references
38、 2 3. Definitions 2 4. Test objectives 4 4.1 Earth resistivity measurements 4 4.2 Impedance and potential gradient measurements 4 5. Safety precautions while making ground tests . 4 5.1 Ground electrode tests . 4 5.2 Surge arrester ground continuity tests . 5 5.3 Neutral and shield wire ground tests
39、 5 5.4 Equipment neutral ground test . 5 6. General considerations on the problems related to measurement . 5 6.1 Complexities 5 6.2 Test electrodes . 6 6.3 Stray direct currents . 7 6.4 Stray alternating currents . 7 6.5 Reactive component of impedance of a large grounding system . 7 6.6 Coupling b
40、etween test leads 8 6.7 Buried metallic objects 8 7. Earth resistivity . 8 7.1 General 8 7.2 Methods of measuring earth resistivity 11 7.3 Interpretation of measurements . 14 7.4 Guidance on performing field measurements 18 8. Ground impedance 19 8.1 General 19 8.2 Methods of measuring ground impeda
41、nce . 21 9. Testing earth potentials and step and touch voltages 30 9.1 Purpose 30 9.2 Types of step and touch voltages . 31 9.3 Measurement procedure (general) . 32 9.4 Methods of measuring step, touch, and transfer voltages 32 9.5 Measurement issues . 36 10. Integrity of grounding systems . 37 10.
42、1 General 37 10.2 High-current test method . 37 10.3 Measurement of resistance between two risers 39 10.4 Low-impedance continuity measurement by computer-based grounding multimeter . 39 11. Current splits 40 11.1 Introduction . 40 11.2 Test considerations 41 x Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserv
43、ed. 12. Transient impedance of grounding system . 41 12.1 General 41 12.2 Measurement using mobile impulse generator (Georgia Institute of Technology B29) . 42 12.3 Measurement using a broadband meter (Georgia Institute of Technology B29) 45 12.4 Instrumentation 46 Annex A (informative) Nonuniform s
44、oils 48 Annex B (informative) Determination of an earth model . 50 Annex C (informative) Theory of the fall-of-potential method 53 Annex D (informative) Surface material resistivity . 56 Annex E (informative) Instrumentation 65 Annex F (informative) Bibliography . 71 1 Copyright 2012 IEEE. All right
45、s reserved. IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Grounding System IMPORTANT NOTICE: IEEE Standards documents are not intended to ensure safety, health, or environmental protection, or ensure against interference with or from other devices or
46、 networks. Implementers of IEEE Standards documents are responsible for determining and complying with all appropriate safety, security, environmental, health, and interference protection practices and all applicable laws and regulations. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to impor
47、tant notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at ht
48、tp:/standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html. 1. Overview 1.1 Scope The test methods and techniques used to measure the electrical characteristics of the grounding system include the following topics: a) Establishing safe testing conditions b) Measuring earth resistivity c) Measuring the power system
49、 frequency resistance or impedance of the ground system to remote earth d) Measuring the transient (surge) impedance of the ground system to remote earth e) Measuring step and touch voltages f) Verifying the integrity of the grounding system g) Reviewing common methods and procedures for performing ground testing h) Reviewing instrumentation characteristics and limitations i) Reviewing various factors that can distort test measurements IEEE Std 81-2012 IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Grounding Sys
