1、ANSI N323-1978American National Standard Radiation Protection Instrumentation Test and CalibrationSecretariat for N13Health Physics SocietySecretariat for N42Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IncApproved September 13, 1977Reaffirmed March 11, 1991American National Standards Institut
2、ePublished byThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017American National StandardAn American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions.An American National Standard is intended as a gui
3、de to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public.The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved thestandard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures notconforming to
4、 the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review and users are cautioned toobtain the latest editions.CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures ofthe American National Standards Institute require that action be ta
5、ken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard nolater than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive currentinformation on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Copyright 1978 byThe Institute of Electr
6、ical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without theprior written permission of the publisher.iiiForeword(This Foreword is not a part of American National Standard Radiation Protection Instrumentati
7、on Test and Calibration, ANSIN323-1978.)The American National Standards Institute Joint Subcommittee N13/42 which was responsible for the development ofthis standard was established by authority of the Chairman of American National Standards Institute Committees N13and N42 to represent the interests
8、 of the respective parent committees. The Joint Subcommittee comprisesmanufacturer and user membership in about equal numbers.The ANSI Committee on Radiation Protection, N13, and Instrumentation, N42, which reviewed and approved thisstandard, had the following representatives at the time of approval
9、:American National Standards Institute Committee N13M. E. Wrenn, Chair J. Sohngen, Secretary Organization Represented Name of RepresentativeAmerican Chemical SocietyIra B. WhitneyAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists D. E. Van FaroweAmerican Health Physics Society J.J. CherubinAm
10、erican Industrial Hygiene Association Wilbur SpeicherAmerican Insurance Association .Harry W. Rapp, JrAmerican Mutual Insurance Alliance . William J. UberAmerican Nuclear Society .James E. McLaughlinAmerican Public Health Association Simon KinsmanAmerican Society for Testing and Materials. L.B. Gard
11、nerAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers H.J. LarsonAssociation of State and Territorial Health Officers G.D. Carlyle ThompsonAtomic Industrial Forum.G. Edwin Brown, JrElectric Light and Power Group .Marvin SullivanIndustrial Medical Association Thomas RayInstitute of Nuclear Materials Management
12、. Ken OkolowitzInternational Association of Government Labor Officials.Morris KleinfeldInternational Brotherhood of Electrical Workers .Edward J. LeganManufacturing Chemists Association, Inc . P.W. McDanielNational Bureau of Standards Robert LoevingerNational Safety CouncilHugh F. HenryUnderwriters
13、Laboratories, Inc. Leonard H. HornUranium Operators Association L.W. SwentUS Atomic Energy Commission. Edward J. VallarioUS Department of Labor.Joan P. ONeillUS Public Health Service. John VillforthIndividual Members Merril EisenbudDonald FleckensteinJohn W. HoladayDuncan A. HoladayRemus G. McAllist
14、erivAmerican National Standards Committee N42Louis Costrell, Chair D.C. Cook, Secretary Organization Represented Name and Buisness AffiliationAmerican Chemical Society.VacantAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Jesse LiebermanDepartment of Public HealthAmerican Industrial Hygien
15、e Association .W.H. Ray US Energy Research andDevelopment AdministrationAmerican Nuclear Society . Frank W. ManningOak Ridge National LaboratoryAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers P. E. GreenwoodNewport News Shipbuildingand Drydock Co.American Society of Safety Engineers VacantAtomic Industrial
16、 ForumVacantHealth Physics Society. Dr. J. B. Horner KuperBrookhaven National LaboratoryAlternate. Robert L. ButenhoffUS Energy Research and Development AdministrationInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers .Louis CosttellNational Bureau of StandardsAlternate.J. ForsterGeneral Electric Com
17、panyAlternateDavid C. CookNaval Research HanfordCompanyAlternate.A. J. SpurginGeneral Atomic CompanyInstrument Society of America M. T. SlindAtlantic Richfield HanfordCompanyAlternate. J. KaveckisUnited Nuclear Industries, IncManufacturing Chemists Association . Vacant(A. C. Clark, MCA, for informat
18、ion)National Electrical Manufacturers Association . Theodore HamburgerWestinghouse Electric CorporationOak Ridge National Laboratory. Frank W. ManningOak Ridge National LaboratoryAlternate D.J. KnowlesOak Ridge National LaboratoryScientific Apparatus Makers Association . Robert BreenThe Foxboro Comp
19、anyUS Department of the Army, Materiel Command Abrahan E. CohenUS Army ElectronicsCommandUS Defense Civil Preparedness Agency .Carl R. Siebentritt, JrUS Defense Civil Preparedness AgencyUS Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standards .Louis CostrellNational Bureau of StandardsvUS Energy Resea
20、rch and Development Administration Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research .Hodge R. WassonUS Development Researchand Development AdministrationUS Naval Research Laboratory. D.C. CookU.S. Naval ResearchLaboratoryIndividual Members .J.C. BellianBircon CorporationO. W. BilharzGeneral Electri
21、c CompanyJohn M. Gallagher, JrWestinghouse ElectricCorporationS. H. HanauerUS Nuclear RegulatoryCommissionWalter C. LipinskiArgonne National LaboratoryVoss A. MooreUS Nuclear RegulatoryCommissionR. F. SheaConsultantE J. VallarioUS Energy Research and Development AdministrationDeceasedThis standard w
22、as prepared under the direction of the joint ANSI Subcommittee N13/N42, Radiation ProtectionInstrumentation, which had the following membership at the time of approval:Edward J. Vallario, Chair E. BemisV. T. ChilsonA. CohenJohn DempseyE. E. GoodaleJ. D. HendersonR. L. KathrenW. R. KleinT. P. LoftusH
23、. W. PattersonH. J. L. RechenC. R. Siebentritt, JrH. R. WassonThe working group responsible for the preparation of this standard consisted of the following personnel:J. M. Selby, Chair R. BeardR. L. KathrenH. V. LarsonT. P. LoftusW. H. RayA. R. Smith DeceasedviCLAUSE PAGE1. Scope.12. Definitions.13.
24、 General Discussion .34. Inspection, Calibration, and Performance Test Requirements44.1 Precalibration . 44.2 Primary Calibration 44.3 Calibration for Special Conditions. 54.4 Discrimination Against Unwanted Radiation 64.5 Calibration Records 64.6 Periodic Performance Test . 64.7 Calibration and Per
25、formance Test Frequency 65. Calibration Equipment Required 75.1 Calibration Standards . 75.2 Calibration Assemblies 75.3 Standard Instruments 85.4 Check Sources 86. Maintenance of Quality of Calibration .86.1 Radiation Field. 86.2 Calibration Facility 96.3 Other. 97. References.9Annex A (Informative
26、) Radiation Sources for Instrument Calibration 10Copyright 1978 IEEE All Rights Reserved 1American National Standard Radiation Protection Instrumentation Test and Calibration1. ScopeThis standard establishes calibration methods for portable radiation protection instruments used for detection andmeas
27、urement of levels of ionizing radiation fields or levels of radioactive surface contamination. For purposes of thisstandard, portable radiation protection instruments are those which are carried by hand to a specific facility or locationfor use. Although this standard is specific to portable radiati
28、on protection instrumentation, the basic calibrationprinciples may be applicable to radiation detection instrumentation in general.Included within the scope of this standard are conditions, equipment, and techniques for calibration as well as thedegree of precision and accuracy required. Alpha, beta
29、, photon, and neutron radiations are considered. Passiveintegrating dosimetric devices such as film, Thermoluminescent, and chemical dosimeters are outside the scope of thisstandard, but the basic principles and intent may apply. In cases where integrating capability is included along withrate measu
30、rement or detection, this standard shall apply.Throughout these criteria, four verbs have been used to indicate the degree of rigor intended by the specific criterion.“Shall” and “will” indicate a minimum criterion that must be met, while “should” and “would” indicate a criterion thatis recommended
31、as good practice and is to be applied when practical.2. DefinitionsTechnical terminology used in this standard is generally consistent with the definitions in the American NationalStandard Glossary of Terms in Nuclear Sciences and Technology, N1.1-1976 11and ICRU Report 20 2. Thefollowing terms are
32、defined specifically for use within this standard.1Numbers in brackets refer to those of the references in Section 7 of this standard.2 Copyright 1978 IEEE All Rights ReservedANSI N323-1978 RADIATION PROTECTION INSTRUMENTATIONaccuracy: The degree of agreement of the observed value with the true or c
33、orrect value of the quantity beingmeasured.calibrate: To determine (1) the response or reading of an instrument relative to a series of known radiation values overthe range of the instrument or (2) the strength of a radiation source relative to a standard.check source: A radioactive source, not nece
34、ssarily calibrated, which is used to confirm the continuing satisfactoryoperation of an instrument.decade: Synonymous with power of ten.detection limit: The extreme of detection or quantification for the radiation of interest by the instrument as a whole oran individual readout scale. The lower dete
35、ction limit is the minimum quantifiable instrument response or reading. Theupper detection limit is the maximum quantifiable instrument response or reading.detector: A device or component which produces an electronically measurable quantity in response to ionizingradiation.effective center: The poin
36、t within a detector that produces, for a given set of irradiation conditions, an instrumentresponse equivalent to that which would be produced if the entire detector were located at the point.energy dependence: A change in instrument response with respect to radiation energy for a constant exposure
37、orexposure rate.extracameral: Pertaining to that portion of the instrument exclusive of the detector.geotropism: A change in instrument response with a change in instrument orientation as a result of gravitationaleffects.instrument: A complete system designed to quanitify one or more particular ioni
38、zing radiation or radiations.overload: Response of less than full scale (that is, maximum scale reading) when exposed to radiation intensitiesgreater than the upper detection limit.photon: A quantum of electromagnetic radiation irrespective of origin.range: The set of values lying between the upper
39、and lower detection limits.readout: The device that conveys information regarding the measurement to the user.reproducibility (precision): The degree of agreement of repeated measurements of the same property expressedquantitatively as the standard deviation computed from the results of the series o
40、f measurements.response: The instrument reading.sensitivity: The ratio of a change in response to the corresponding change in the field being measured.standard (instrument or source) (1) national standard: An instrument, source, or other system or devicemaintained and promulgated by the U.S. Nationa
41、l Bureau of Standards as such.(2) derived or secondary standard: A calibrated instrument, source, or other system or device directly relatable (thatis, with no intervening steps) to one or more U.S. National Standards.(3) laboratory standard: A calibrated instrument, source, or other system or devic
42、e without direct one-steprelatability to the U.S. National Bureau of Standards, maintained and used primarily for calibrated andstandardization.test: A procedure whereby the instrument, component, or circuit is evaluated for satisfactory operation.transfer instrument: Instrument or dosimeter exhibit
43、ing high precision which has been standardized against anational or derived standardized source.uncertainty: The estimated bounds of the deviation from the mean value, generally expressed as a percent of the meanvalue. Ordinarily taken as the sum of (1) the random errors at the 95 percent confidence
44、 level and (2) the estimatedupper limit of the systematic error.Copyright 1978 IEEE All Rights Reserved 3TEST AND CALIBRATION ANSI N323-1978unwanted radiation: Any ionizing radiation other than that which the instrument is designed to measure.3. General DiscussionThe operational requirements of radi
45、ation protection instrumentation are set forth in the recommendations of variouscommissions and committees 2, 3. Additionally, the user may establish the need for different or more restrictiverequirements. The ability to meet these requirements will depend not only on the instrument capabilities but
46、 also onperiodic recalibration, preventative maintenance, and testing of the instruments.For the purpose of this standard, new instruments are assumed to have been evaluated by the manufacturer to assurethat the instruments are working properly. This evaluation, which is described in more detail by
47、Zuerner and Kathren4 involves a measurement of the characteristics of the instrument under design conditions. The evaluation includesdetermination of some or all of the following characteristics.Nonradiological Characteristics:1) Physical construction, that is, safety, utility, weight, and ease of d
48、econtamination2) Effect of shock, sound and vibration, electric transients, RF energy, magnetic fields, high humidity, or etherenvironmental influences3) Extent of switching transients, capacitance effects, geotropism, and static charge effects4) Power supply, including stability and battery lifeRad
49、iological Characteristics:1) Range, sensitivity, linearity, detection limit, and response to overload conditions*2) Accuracy and reproducibility*3) Energy dependence*4) Angular dependence5) Response to ionizing radiations other than those intended to be measured6) Temperature and pressure dependence*Certain tests from the above list (indicated by *) should be repeated routinely because aging of components, changesin available power (battery aging), and replacement of components may affect the calibration. Since thereproducibility of an instrument is critically imp
