1、P- c MIL-HDBK-413 28 March 1986 MILITARY HANDBOOK DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR HIGH FREQUENCY RADIO COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS AMSC N/A AREA TCTS/SLHC f- , THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS I 7 3 PAGES. DISTRIBUTION STATENENT A. _- Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. - .- Copyright Communications - Elec
2、tronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-P pMIL-HDBK-Yi3 TC 9797970 0033539 b MIL-HDBK-413 IlEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Washington, DC 20301 Design Handbook for High Frequency Radio Communications Systems M
3、IL-HDBK-413 1. This Military Handbook is approved for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense. 2. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data which niay he of use in improving this document should be addressed to: Commander, US. Army In
4、forniaton Systems Engineering Support Activity, ATTN: ASBH-SEE, Fort Huachuca, Arizona 85613-5300, by using the self-addressed Standardization Document Improvement Pro- posal (DD Form 111.26) appearing at the end of this document or by letter. ii 1L d Copyright Communications - Electronics Command P
5、rovided by IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-qL3 TC 7777770 OOL35qO 2 c . * Paragraph 1 . 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 . 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 2.3 3 . 3.1 3.2 4 . 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.1.1 4.2.1.2 4.2.1.3 4.2.1.4 4.2.1.5
6、4.2.2 4.2.2.1 4.2.2.2 4.2.2.3 4.2.2.4 4.2.2.5 4.2.2.6 4.2.2.7 4.2.2.8 4.2.2.9 4.2.2.10 4.2.2.11 4.2.3 4.2.3.1 4.2.3.2 4.2.3.3 4.3 4.3.1 . MIL-HDBK-413 CONTENTS Page SCOPE 1 Purpose . 1 Application 1 Objective 1 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . 2 Government documents . 2 Specifications. standards. and handbook
7、s . 2 Other Government documents. drawings. and publications . 3 Other publications . 4 Order of precedence 4 DEFINITIONS . 5 Terms and definitions . 5 Additional terms and definitions . 5 GENERAL PRINCIPLES . HF radio communications systems . HF radio principles . HF radio propagation . Basic syste
8、ms . Groundwave . Surface wave . Direct wave Ground-reflected wave Frequency dependence of groundwave propagation Skywave . Ionospheric layering F layer E layer D layer Refracted tropospheric wave . Geometry of ionospheric refraction Maximum usable frequency . Frequency of optimum traffic . Anomalou
9、s ionospheric propagation Multipath propagation Doppler spread . Lowest useful frequency Noise .- . Man-made noise Atmospheric noise Galactic noise Modulation and demodulation . AM . 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 11 12 12 12 15 21 22 22 25 25 25 26 iii . Copyright Communications - Electronics Co
10、mmand Provided by IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-L- MIL-HDBK-413 TC W 7 0013541 4 a MIL-HDBK-413 CONTENTS . Continued Page SSB . 27 IS . 28 AME 32 NBFM 32 ICW 34 FSK . 34 PSK 36 Frequency hopping . 4 IF transmitters 41
11、 Exciter 43 Power amplifier 43 HF receivers . 45 R stage . 45 Frequency translation stage(s) . 45 Demodulator . 47 Output stage . 47 Carrier generator . 47 AGC 47 Diversity combiners 48 Antennas and transmission lines . 4 Antennas 48 Horizontal half-wave dipole 49 Vertical monopole 50 ?Vhip . 51 Yag
12、i . 51 V . 52 Rhombic 53 Log-periodic . 54 Lang wire 58 Transmission lines . 60 Electrical balance 60 Characteristic impedance 60 Attenuation 60 Velocity of propagation . 60 Resonant and nonresonant lines . 60 Matching devices . 62 Series-fed match . 62 Shunt-fed match . 62 Baluns 65 Coupling to tra
13、nsmitters 67 Multicouplers and rf patches 67 Antenna grounding systems and counterpoises 67 Radial ground system . 67 Ground screens 67 Counterpoises 67 Modems . 67 iv Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction or networking
14、permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-4L3 TC m 7999970 0013542 b m MIL-HDBK-413 . * . c a- Paragraph 4.7.1 4.7.2 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8.2.1 4.8.2.2 4.8.2.3 4.8.2.4 4.8.3 4.8.3.1 4.8.3.2 4.8.4 4.9 4.9.1 4.9.1.1 4.9.1.2 4.9.1.3 4.9.1.4 4.9.1.5 4.9.2 4.9.2.1 4.9.2.2 4.9.2.3 4.9.2.4 4.9.2.5 4.9.
15、2.6 4.9.2.7 4.9.3 4.9.3.1 4.9.3.2 4.9.3.3 4.9.3.4 4.9.3.5 4.9.4 4.9.4.1 4.9.4.2 4.9.4.3 4.9.4.4 4.9.4.5 4.9.5 4.9.5.1 4.9.5.2 4.9.5.3 4.9.5.4 4.9.5.5 CONTENTS . Continued Voice frequency carrier telegraph (VFCT) modems Digital data modems Interfaces . Basic system configurations Operational configur
16、ations Shipboard installations Airborne configuration . Typical interfaces Technical control facility interface . Collocated interface Remote control interface HF signal enhancement Diversity Frequency diversity Time diversity . : Fixed plant and large-scale transportable installations Vehicular and
17、 manpack configurations . Space diversity . Polarization diversity . Path diversity Data error control Loop check ARQ FEC . Combined ARQ and FEC EDAC . Bit interleaving Packet switching . Adaptive HF . Published propagation forecasts Computer prediction models . Ionospheric sounding . Frequency mana
18、gement using sounding Link quality analysis Advanced adaptive HF systems Selective calling and scanning . ALQA Automatic interconnectivity . Automatic relaying . Code combining . High performance systems Regency Net . Advanced Narrowband Digital Voice Terminal (ANDVT) . High Frequency Anti-Jam (HFAJ
19、) Newlook . High performance modems Page 67 68 69 69 69 69 72 72 72 72 76 79 79 83 83 83 83 83 85 85 85 85 85 86 86 86 .86 86 86 87 87 89 89 90 90 90 90 90 91 91 91 91 91 93 93 95 Y Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction
20、or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-Paragraph 5 . 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.1.1 5.2.1.2 5.2.1.3 5 -2.1.41 5.2.1.5 5.2.1.6 5.2.2 5.2.2.1 5.2.2.2 5.2.2.3 5.2.3 5.2.3.1 5.2.3.2 5.2.3.3 5.2.4 5.2.4.1 5.2.4.2 5.3 5 . 41 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4*.2.1 5.4.2.2 5.4.3 5.4.4 5.4.4.1 5.4.4.2 5.4.5 5.4.5.1 5.4.
21、5.2 5.4.5.3 5.4.6 5.4.7 5.4.7.1 5A.7.2 5.4.7.3 5.4,8 5.5 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.3 MIL-HDBK-413 CONTENTS . Continued DETAILED ENGINEERING . Overview Communications requirements analysis . Geographical location . Operating frequency range Atmospheric noise Path length Man-made noise Ground conductivity Anten
22、na type selection rnffic requirements Number of channels Channel types Modulation Interoperability North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Standardization Tactical Digital Information Link (IADIL) A Quadripartite standardization Agreements (QSTAGs) Voice channel performance Teletypewriter and digi
23、tal data channel performance . System design constraitits . System synthesis and performance calculations Calculation of required received signal level . . Agreements (STANAGs) Performance . . Determination of fading margin Voice channels . Digital data channels . Determination of noise power level
24、Multichannel load factor I;m for voice channels . I?, for digital data channels Process gain . NBFM and spread spectrum . Lincompex . Jamming resistance . Design margins . Computation of system loss . Antenna gains Transmission line loss Transmitter power output level calculation . Site surveying Te
25、ntative site selection . Physical survey Documentation Propagatiori path loss . m Page 96 96 96 96 96 96 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 99 100 100 100 100 101 101 103 103 103 105 106 107 107 107 107 107 110 110 110 110 110 111 111 111 111 112 112 112 113 113 98 . vi Copyright Communications - Electronics Comm
26、and Provided by IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-413 TC qqq3770 0013544 T H MIL-HDBK-413 CONTENTS . Continued Paragraph Page c . 1 O 5.6 5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.3 5.6.4 5.6.4.1 5.6.4.2 5.6.4.3 5.6.4.4 5.7 5.7.1 5.7.2 5.
27、7.2.1 5.7.2.2 5.7.3 5.7.3.1 5.7.3.2 5.7.4 5.8 5.9 5.9.1 5.9.1.1 5.9.1.2 5.9.1.3 5.9.1.4 5.9.2 5.9.2.1 5.9.2.2 5.9.2.3 5.9.2.4 5.9.3 5.9.3.1 5.9.3.2 5.9.3.3 5.9.3.4 Figure Frequency coordination . 113 U.S. Government agencies 113 Requests for frequency assignments 114 Emission designations 114 Locati
28、on data 115 Equipment data 116 Antenna data 116 Facility design . 117 Site planning . 117 Construction planning and coordination 117 Planning 117 Coordination . 117 Electrical power system planning 118 Power system classifications . 118 Load categories . 118 Grounding system design 118 Equipment tes
29、ting . 121 Receiver tests 121 Sensitivity . 121 AGCaction 122 Selectivity . 122 Frequency stability 124 Transmitter tests . 124 Power output and gain 124 Carrier and unwanted sideband suppression . 126 Frequency stability . 128 Antenna and transmission line tests 130 Voltage standing wave ratio (VSW
30、R) test . 130 Transmission line loss 131 Antenna impedance measurements . 132 134 International agencies 113 U.S. Military agencies 113 Electromagnetic compatibility . 119 Linearity and intermodulation distortion (IMD) . 124 Transmission line discontinuity test FIGURES I Page 1 . Basic HF radio comm
31、unications system . 7 2 . Groundwave components 8 3 . Structure of the ionosphere . 10 4 . Concept of virtual height 11 5 . Anomalous propagation by sporadi-c E 13 vii Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction or networking
32、permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDRK-413 FIGURES . Continued Page Low altitude nuclear burst effects 16 17 Intermediate altitude nuclear burst secondary effects 18 20 Intermediate altitude nuclear burst primary effects High altitude nuclear burst effects . 19 Example of rnuItipath recept
33、ion Multipath spread as a function of distance 21 Multipath reduction factor 22 AM signal spectrum . 27 Foiir-chanriel ISB signal spectrum 1% modulation using two-channel multiplexing . FM modulation and demodulation waveforms . 33 Frequency shift keying 35 Twin-filter demodulation of FSK signal . 3
34、7 Limiter-discriminator demodulation of FSK signal . 38 Phase-shift keying waveform . 38 Qiiadriphase PSK scheme . 39 Encodirig/decoding scheme for DPSK pseudorandom signal . 41 signal . 42 Simplified functional block arrangement in IIF transmitter . Simplified functional block arrangement in HF rec
35、eiver Horizontal half-wave dipole 50 Vertical monopole directional array Conical monopole 52 Yagi antenna . 53 Nonresonant V antenna . 54 Three-wire rhombic with dissipation line 55 Rhombic variations . 56 Half-rhombics 57 Horizontal logperiodic 58 Vertical log-periodic 59 Rotatable log-periodic . 5
36、9 IIF transmission lines . 61 Series-fed matching devices 63 Matching stubs . 64 monopole 65 Gamma. T. and delta shunt-fed matches . HF radio system configurations Error rate dile to doppler spread using DQPSK 23 Estimate of upper decile values of man-made noise . 24 AM modulation and demodulation w
37、aveforms . 28 ssn inoduation and demodulation . 29 30 31 39 Frequency hopping using modulo 2 addition of data signal and Frequency hopping using direct modulation of carrier by data 44l 46 51 Shunt-fed match coupling a coaxial line to a grounded vertical 66 70 71 Fixed plant and large-scale transpor
38、table installations . viii Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-Ll13 TC = 7779970 001354b 3 W Figure 49. 50. 51. 52. 53 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62.
39、63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. MIL-HDBK-413 FIGURES - Continued Page Block diagram of AN/TSC-O(V)7 Communication Central . 73 Artists rendering of deployed AN/TSC-6O(V) family . 74 Conventional shipboard HF terminal . 75 AN/GRC-106 vehicular radio set . 7
40、6 AN/PRC-515 lightweight HF packset . 77 HF radio system interfaces in typical three-site configuration . 78 (collocated) configuration . 80 Hypothetical user-controlled HF network . 81 Traffic and control circuits in remote-control system . . Patching and switching at transmitter and receiver sites
41、 Example of tree-structured network for robust HF . HF radio link detailed engineering procedure HF radio system interfaces in typical transportable or one-site 82 84 92 Navy High Frequency Anti-Jam (HFAJ) shipboard terminal configuration 94 97 Percentage teletypewriter character errors vs. BER 102
42、Parameters involved in system performance analysis . 105 Rayleigh fading and duaI diversity improvement . 106 Bit error rate as a function of SNR for noncoherent FSK . 108 112 120 Receiver selectivity test setup 122 Receiver ideal and realizable IF passbands . 123 Transmitter linearity, IMD, power o
43、utput, and gain test setup 125 Transmitter waveforms 126 Transmitter distortion products (spectrum analyzer) . 127 Transmitter carrier and unwanted sideband suppression test setup 128 Transmitter carrier and sideband suppression display 129 Transmitter frequency stability test setup . 130 Transmissi
44、on line, balun, and antenna VSWR test setup . 131 Transmission line loss test setup . 131 Antenna impedance measurement test setup 133 Transmission line discontinuity test setup 134 Multichannel load factor for digital channels 109 Antenna gain and take-off angles . Categories of telecommunications
45、facility loads Receiver sensitivity and AGC action test setup 121 TABLES Table Page I. Conductivity of various types of surface 8 II. Characteristics of common HF antennas 49 III. 16-channel VFCT scheme . 68 IV. Computer prediction models for HF 88 ix Copyright Communications - Electronics Command P
46、rovided by IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-Tablc V . VI . VI1 . VI11 . IX . X . XI . O Ox 354 7 5 TABLES . Continued Sclectiori of modulation techniques Symbols for variables and constants in HF link performance caIcula
47、tions Multichnrinel load factor for voice channels . Multichannel load factors for digital data channels . ITU bandwidth-unit designators military HF radio usage . Classes of electrical power . Expressions denoting emission characteristics in common APPENDIXES Appcridix A . B . 10 . 20 . 30 . c . 10
48、 . 10.1 10.2 20 . 20.1 20.2 Antiex A . D . IIF POWER BUDGET WORKSHEET SAMPLE FILTXD-IN POWER BIJDGET WORKSHEETS Example 1 . Example2 . Example 3 . SITE SURVEY REPORT GENERAL . Identification material FORMAT Site survey report format Distribution Scope . Site Survey Report Format Section I - Introduc
49、tion Section II - Site Report Section III - Transmission Path Report Section IV - Logistic Support Data Section V - Commercial Power Survey Section VI - Area Environmental Conditions . ; . MODULO 2 ARITHMETIC Page 99 104 108 109 114 116 119 Page A- 1 B-1 B-1 B-2 -3 c- 1 c- 1 e- 1 c- 1 c-1 c-1 c-1 c-2 c-2 c-2 e-4 C-6 c-9 c-9 D-1 X Copyright Communications - Electronics Command
