1、 Structural and Vibration Guidelines for Datacom Equipment Centers2007, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted wit
2、hout ASHRAEs prior written permission.This publication was prepared in cooperation with TC 9.9, Mission Critical Facilities,Technology Spaces, and Electronic Equipment.Any updates/errata to this publication will be posted on the ASHRAE Web site at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates.American Society o
3、f Heating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.Structural and Vibration Guidelines for Datacom Equipment CentersISBN: 978-1-933742-20-52007 American Society of Heating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle, NEAtlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reser
4、ved.Printed in the United States of AmericaPrinted on 10% post-consumer waste using soy-based inks.Cover design by J. Lombardo.ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAEexpressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, proced
5、ure, design, or the likethat may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publi-cation does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service,process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the inf
6、ormation in the publi-cation is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in thispublication. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.No part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from A
7、SHRAE, except by areviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit;nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any wayor by any meanselectronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwithout permission in
8、 writing fromASHRAE._Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataStructural and vibration guidelines for datacom equipment centers.p. cm. - (ASHRAE datacom series)Summary: “Provides basics for addressing the structural and vibration performance (resistance against wind, snow, and seismic assau
9、lt) of datacom equipment centers, focusing on the facility (envelope, beams, columns, floor slabs, roof slabs), the building infrastructure (power, cooling, flooring, ceiling systems), and the datacom equipment (servers, storage, tape drives, racks, network equipment)“-Provided by publisher.Includes
10、 bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-933742-20-5 (softcover)1. Structural design. 2. Data processing service centers-Design and construction. 3. Buildings-Vibration. 4. Earthquake resistant design. 5. Data processing service centers-Protection. 6. Electronic digital computers-Protection.
11、 I. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. TH1094.S77 2007725.23-dc222007046368ASHRAE STAFFSPECIAL PUBLICATIONSChristina HelmsEditorCindy Sheffield MichaelsAssociate EditorMichshell PhillipsAdministrative AssistantPUBLISHING SERVICESDavid SoltisManagerTracy Becker
12、Graphic Applications SpecialistJayne JacksonPublication Traffic AdministratorPUBLISHERW. Stephen ComstockContentsAcknowledgments. ixPart IIntroduction and Best PracticesChapter 1 Introduction.31.1 Overview of this Book31.2 Overview of the Datacom Industry 51.3 Overview of ASHRAE Technical Committee
13、9.9 .61.4 Overview of the ASHRAE Datacom Series .61.5 Document Flow .71.6 Primary Users for This Document .7Chapter 2 Best Practices.92.2 Building StructuresNew Buildings and Additions .92.3 Building StructuresRenovations, Relocations, and Changes 102.4 Building Infrastructure .112.5 Datacom Equipme
14、nt11Part IIBuilding StructureChapter 3 Building Structures Overview .153.1 Introduction153.2 Some Basics .153.3 Submissions to Agencies 183.4 Basic Definitions19vi ContentsChapter 4 New Structures .214.1 Initial Investigation .214.2 Coordination 224.3 Establish Design Criteria .22Chapter 5 Existing
15、Structures and Additions295.1 Initial Investigation .295.2 Coordination of New with Existing Structures305.3 New Components 335.4 Reinforcement of Existing Structure 34Chapter 6 Types of Building Structures.376.1 Overview .376.2 Pre-Engineered Metal Buildings. .376.3 Braced Frame or Shear Wall-Type
16、Structures. 386.4 Moment Resisting Frame Systems416.5 Combination of Framing Systems41Part IIIBuilding InfrastructureChapter 7 Building Infrastructure Overview457.1 Overview457.2 Interior Building Infrastructure .457.3 Exterior Building Infrastructure 47Chapter 8 Structural Considerations for Infras
17、tructure .558.1 Overview558.2 Support558.3 Anchoring 578.4 Infrastructure Expansion/Contraction 59Chapter 9 Raised-Access Floor Systems 619.1 Overview619.2 Raised-Access Floor Components619.3 Raised-Access Floor Structure Design Guidelines639.4 Seismic Performance of Raised-Access Floors.66Chapter 1
18、0 Vibration Sources and Control7110.1 Overview of Vibration Sources 7110.2 Overview of Vibration Isolation 7110.3 Selection of Vibration Isolators73Structural and Vibration Guidelines for Datacom Equipment Centers vii10.4 Vibration Isolation within the Datacom Equipment Room .7310.5 Vibration Isolat
19、ion Adjacent to the Datacom Equipment Room .74Part IVDatacom EquipmentChapter 11 Shock and Vibration Testing on Datacom Equipment .7911.1 Basic Definitions7911.2 Overview of Vibration Sources 8011.3 Datacom Equipment Shock and Vibration Testing 8311.4 Shock and Vibration Test Guidelines for Datacom
20、Infrastructure and Cooling Equipment .89Chapter 12 Seismic Anchorage of Datacom Equipment9512.1 Overview 9512.2 Nonstructural Seismic Provisions of Building Codes.9512.3 Seismicity in the United States9612.4 Seismic Design Category9712.5 Properly Applying Anchorage Forces9712.6 Protection of Server
21、Cabinets on Raised-Access Floors 98Chapter 13 Analysis of Datacom Equipment and Seismic Anchorage Systems 10713.1 Overview . 10713.2 Basic Definitions10713.3 Datacom Equipment Frame.10813.4 Finite Element Model Construction and Validation10813.5 Evaluation of Earthquake Anchorage Systems .11013.6 Ev
22、aluation of Structural Add-On Supports 113References and Bibliography117Appendix A Codes for Building Structures and Structural Components121Appendix B Weights of Materials.125Appendix C Raised-Access Floor Calculations133C.1 Raised-Access Floor Panel Loading Definitions133C.2 Floor Loading 134viii
23、ContentsC.3 Floor Loading Calculations135C.4 Structural Guidelines for Raised-Access Floor Systems.137Appendix D Data Center Vibration Measurement.141D.1 Overview .141D.2 Introduction141D.3 Typical Operational Vibration and Shock Testing.142D.4 Typical Operational Vibration and Shock Magnitude Recor
24、ded in a Data Center144D.5 Monitoring Floor Vibration in Data Centers .145D.6 Best Practices146Appendix E Component Anchorage Forces .149E.1 Relative Location Factor (1 + 2z/h)149E.2 Component Importance Factor (Ip)150E.3 Component Amplification Factor (ap).150E.4 Component Response Modification Fac
25、tor (Rp)151Glossary of Terms 153Index 163ixAcknowledgmentsThe information in this guide was produced with the help and support of thecorporations listed below: AT however, they seldom, if ever, contain specific requirements for datacomfacilities or address the unique loading conditions imposed by da
26、tacom facilitysystems and the need to resist threats posed by both man and nature. The designermust consider the type of loads the facility will bear, as these will influence thesupporting structure, especially during vibratory events. Loads from datacom equipment, battery or uninterruptible power s
27、upply (UPS)systems, transformers and switchgear, chillers, boilers, large cooling water piping,cooling towers, roof-mounted mechanical units attached to large ductwork, and fireprotection systems and their associated water distribution systems all greatly impactthe design of elevated floor or roof m
28、embers. Architectural finishes such as ceilings,lights, interior lateral wall supports, bearing walls, raised-access floors, large wallopenings, floor slopes, and underground drainage also impact the structural design. Other elements designers must consider are deflection of members and struc-ture d
29、rift, which vary with the type of structure selected. For financial reasons, pre-engineered metal buildings are commonly used. Such buildings are typically framestructures that are relatively flexible and dissipate energy by bending or deforming.This type of structure requires that nonstructural ele
30、ments and systems be designedto accommodate the expected deformations.Buildings utilizing moment-resisting frames (moment frames) for lateral stabil-ity will likely have similar considerations. More rigid structures, such as those thatincorporate shear walls or braced frames, will deflect or drift l
31、ess than a typical pre-engineered or moment frame structure. If reduced levels of deflection and drift canbe predicted, connecting elements from partitions, exterior walls, and attachedequipment will cost less to construct.Seismic and wind requirements vary from location to location and are based on
32、geological data and past damage reports in regions where seismic events haveoccurred. A geological investigation called a site-specific seismic study is commonlycompleted to determine the type of existing soil and the distance from the buildingfoundation to the supporting bedrock. These parameters,
33、in combination with code-prescribed criteria, provide guidance for establishing the percentage of structuremass to be used in the lateral load analysis, sometimes leading to net savings in over-all construction costs. The building design should be as symmetrical as possible to allow seismicforces to
34、 flow more evenly across the structure. Forces induced on an asymmetri-cally shaped building are considerably greater than those on symmetrically shapedStructural and Vibration Guidelines for Datacom Equipment Centers17buildings. Deflections of the asymmetrical structures will also vary and requireg
35、reater study in the interconnections of the nonstructural components. Wind load requirements are based on weather data compiled from sources suchas the National Weather Service. The codes or incorporated standards include mapsand guidance data, but working with the local building department is highl
36、y recom-mended. Although building codes generally allow interpolation between wind speedcontours, some jurisdictions require a set minimum wind speed for the entire juris-diction based on the highest minimum wind speed in that jurisdiction. Wind load considerations are critical for not only the perf
37、ormance of a structureduring wind events but also for the performance of the nonstructural components.Roof uplift and wall anchorage systems as well as equipment tie-downs on the roofare of great importance and must be considered. It should be noted that structures are typically designed based on me
38、eting onlythe minimum code requirements. Further, the codes are written for life safety and notfor the purpose of keeping data center facilities operational during and after a majorstorm.Facilities can be constructed to withstand wind loads from extremely high windforces, such as tornadoes, and wind
39、-borne debris, etc., as shown in Figure 3.1, butthese provisions can be very costly. A cost-benefit analysis should be performed toconfirm the value of storm-resistant design. Such a study should assess structuralupgrades to meet multiple wind-speed conditions (and their associated costs) againstthe
40、 historic statistical probability of the occurrence of those conditions. The ownerof the structure then can make an informed decision on the level of wind-threat resis-tance to be incorporated into the project.Historically, the codes have been prescriptive (cookbook- or recipe-like). Thetrend in cod
41、e content, however, has been toward increasing the complexity andFigure 3.1 Graphical representation of wind loads on a datacomequipment center.18 Building Structures Overviewincluding more requirements. This trend is probably driven by events such as Legion-naires disease outbreaks, New Orleans hur
42、ricane damage, global warming, etc.In addition to becoming more complicated, the codes are gradually migratingtoward performance requirements rather than prescriptive requirements.Appendix A includes details regarding recent code requirements. Especially in older structures, it is quite common that
43、the plans and specifica-tions issued to construct the building are no longer available and therefore the designload capacity of the structure is not known. This can be problematic (and oftencostly) for planned datacom-related retrofits and even for seemingly minor buildinginfrastructure upgrade proj
44、ects. In such cases, a licensed structural engineer shouldreview the structure in the field and determine the load carrying capacity of the exist-ing structural system.When constructing a datacom equipment center in a leased space, considerationshould be paid to the eventual exit strategy from the f
45、acility. Modifications to leasedstructures should be kept to a minimum or designed so as to allow them to beremoved at lease termination without impacting the main structural systems. Pits and trenches can be filled in and free-standing structures can be removed,but when existing walls or other stru
46、ctural elements are modified such that the struc-ture would no longer be sound without the added reinforcement, the modificationsmust remain in place permanently. Therefore, the terms of a lease should be carefullychecked to determine potential consequences prior to making changes to the build-ing s
47、tructure. 3.3 SUBMISSIONS TO AGENCIES Most planning boards and/or building departments require submission ofgeotechnical reports for new buildings or building renovation projects. These reportswill provide information about site preparation and fill placement and compactionas well as recommended par
48、ameters for foundation design.Structural drawing submission requirements to the state or city building codedepartmentsthe local authority having jurisdiction (AHJ)vary throughout thecountry. At minimum, however, all structural drawings will identify the plans andelevations of the steel and/or concre
49、te and interactions with the foundations andupper floor slabs as required. Additionally, the basis of design will need to be iden-tified by building type, occupancy type, construction classification, and importancefactors related to snow, wind, and earthquakes.Typically in high wind areas such as southern Florida or earthquake-prone areassuch as California, a full set of calculations for all structural elements signed andsealed by a licensed pr
