1、Designation: A181/A181M 06 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Specification forCarbon Steel Forgings, for General-Purpose Piping1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A181/A181M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification2cover
3、s nonstandard as-forged fit-tings, valve components, and parts for general service. Forg-ings made to this specification are limited to a maximumweight of 10 000 lb 4540 kg. Larger forgings may be orderedto Specification A266/A266M.1.2 Two classes of material are covered, designated asClasses 60 and
4、 70, respectively, and are classified in accor-dance with their mechanical properties as specified in 6.1.1.3 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound unitsand SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable“M” specification designation (SI units), the material shall befurnish
5、ed to inch-pound units.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theSI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in eachsystem are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system mustbe used independently of the other.
6、Combining values from thetwo systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-cation.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A266/A266M Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings forPressure Vessel ComponentsA788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-quirementsA961/A961M Specificat
7、ion for Common Requirements forSteel Flanges, Forged Fittings, Valves, and Parts for PipingApplications3. General Requirements and Ordering Information3.1 Product furnished to this specification shall conform tothe requirements of Specification A961/A961M, including anysupplementary requirements tha
8、t are indicated in the purchaseorder. Failure to comply with the requirements of SpecificationA961/A961M constitutes non-conformance with this specifi-cation.3.2 It is the purchasers responsibility to specify in thepurchase order all ordering information necessary to purchasethe needed material. Exa
9、mples of such information include butare not limited to the ordering information in SpecificationA961/A961M and the following:3.2.1 Supplementary requirements, and3.2.2 Additional requirements (See 4.3, 9.1, 10.2, 12.1, and12.2).3.3 If the requirements of this specification are in conflictwith the r
10、equirements of Specification A961/A961M, therequirements of this specification shall prevail.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Except for flanges of all types, hollow, cylindricallyshaped parts may be machined from hot-rolled or forged bar,provided that the axial length of the part is approximatelypar
11、allel to the metal flow lines of the stock. Other parts,excluding flanges of all types, up to and including NPS 4 maybe machined from hot-rolled or forged bar. Elbows, returnbends, tees, and header tees shall not be machined directlyfrom bar stock.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of AST
12、M Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and BoltingMaterials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published March 20
13、12. Originallyapproved in 1935. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as A181/A181M06.DOI: 10.1520/A0181_A0181M-06R11.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-cation SA-181 in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.
14、org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 Except
15、as permitted in 4.1, the finished product shall bea forging as defined in the Terminology section (exclusively) ofSpecification A788/A788M.4.3 When specified in the order, the manufacturer shallsubmit for approval of the purchaser a sketch showing theshape of the rough forging before machining.4.4 F
16、orgings shall be protected against sudden or too rapidcooling from the rolling or forging while passing through thecritical range.4.5 Heat treatment is neither required nor prohibited, butwhen applied, heat treatment shall consist of tempering,annealing, normalizing, or normalizing and tempering.5.
17、Chemical Composition5.1 An analysis of each heat shall be made by the manufac-turer to determine the percentages of the elements specified inTable 1. The chemical composition thus determined shallconform to the requirements in Table 1.6. Mechanical Properties6.1 The material shall conform to the req
18、uirements as totensile properties prescribed in Table 2.7. Number of Tests7.1 One tension test shall be made from each heat.7.2 If any test specimen is defectively machined, it may bediscarded and another specimen substituted.8. Retests8.1 When one or more representative test specimens do notconform
19、 to specification requirements for the tested character-istic, only a single retest for each nonconforming characteristicmay be performed to establish product acceptability. Retestsshall be performed on twice the number of representativespecimens that were originally nonconforming. When anyretest sp
20、ecimen does not conform to specification requirementsfor the characteristic in question, the lot represented by thatspecimen shall be rejected, heat-treated or reheat-treated inaccordance with 4.5, and tested in accordance with Sections 6and 7.9. Reports of Testing9.1 Upon request of the purchaser i
21、n the contract or order, areport of the test results and chemical analyses shall befurnished. The specification designation included on reports oftesting shall include year of issue and revision letter, if any.10. Repair by Welding10.1 Repair welding, by the manufacturer, is permissible forparts mad
22、e to dimensional standards such as those of ANSI orequivalent standards.10.2 Prior approval of the purchaser shall be required toweld repair special parts made to the purchasers requirements.10.3 The composition of the weld deposits shall be similarto the base metal and in accordance with the proced
23、urequalification for the applicable material. Welding shall beaccomplished with a weld procedure designed to produce lowhydrogen in the weldment. Short-circuit gas metal arc weldingis permissible only with the approval of the purchaser.11. Marking of Forgings11.1 Identification marks consisting of t
24、he manufacturerssymbol or name, designation of service rating, Specificationnumber, class, and size shall be legibly forged or stamped oneach forging, and in such a position as not to injure theusefulness of the forgings.11.2 Bar CodingIn addition to the requirements in 11.1,bar coding is acceptable
25、 as a supplementary identificationmethod. The purchaser may specify in the order a specific barcoding system to be used. The bar coding system, if applied atthe discretion of the supplier, should be consistent with one ofthe published industry standards for bar coding. If used onsmall parts the bar
26、code may be applied to the box or asubstantially applied tag.12. Certificate of Compliance12.1 When specified in the purchase order or contract, aproducers or suppliers certification shall be furnished to thepurchaser that the material was manufactured, sampled, tested,and inspected in accordance wi
27、th this specification and hasbeen found to meet the requirements. The specification desig-nation included on certificates of compliance shall include yearof issue and revision letter, if any.12.2 When specified in the purchase order or contract, areport of the test results shall be furnished.13. Key
28、words13.1 pipe fittings, steel; piping applications; pressure con-taining parts; steel forgings, carbon; steel valvesTABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsElement Composition, %Classes 60 and 70Carbon, max 0.35Manganese, max 1.10APhosphorus, max 0.05Silicon 0.10-0.35Sulfur, max 0.05AManganese may be increase
29、d to 1.35 % max provided the carbon is reduced0.01 % for each 0.06 % increase in manganese over the limit shown in the table.TABLE 2 Tensile RequirementsClass 60 Class 70Tensile strength, min, ksi MPa 60 415 70 485Yield strength,Amin, ksi MPa 30 205 36 250Elongation in 2 in. 50 mm, min, % 22 18Reduc
30、tion of area, min, % 35 24ADetermined by either the 0.2 % offset method or the 0.5 % extension-under-load method.A181/A181M 06 (2011)2SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSS1. Carbon EquivalentS1.1 The maximum carbon equivalent based on heat analy-sis shall be as follows:Class Maximum Carbon Equivalent ValueMax
31、imum Section ThicknessLess Than or Equal to 2 in.Maximum Section ThicknessGreater Than 2 in.60700.450.470.460.48S1.2 Determine the carbon equivalent (CE) as follows:CE 5 C 1 Mn/6 1Cr 1 Mo 1 V!/5 1Ni 1 Cu!/15S1.3 A lower maximum carbon equivalent may be agreedupon between the supplier and the purchas
32、er.S1.4 When this Supplementary Requirement is invoked, allelements in the carbon equivalent formula shall be analyzedand the amounts reported.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of th
33、is standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five ye
34、ars andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical commi
35、ttee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 194
36、28-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).A181/A181M 06 (2011)3
