1、Designation: A345 09Standard Specification forFlat-Rolled Electrical Steels for Magnetic Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A345; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers general procedures for speci-fying requirements in the procurement and delivery of flat-rolled electric
3、al steels for magnetic applications. When anapplicable individual specification does not exist, this specifi-cation enables the user to order a suitable material to besupplied under controlled conditions with respect to magneticquality, sampling, testing, packaging, and so forth, by specify-ing cert
4、ain requirements on the purchase order and citing thisspecification.1.2 Individual ASTM electrical steel specifications that arein conformity with this specification are Specifications A677,A683, A726, A840, and A876.NOTE 1For more information on other standards associated with thisspecification, re
5、fer to the following: Test Methods A341/A341M, A343/A343M, A348/A348M, A596/A596M, A712, A717/A717M, A719/A719M, A720/A720M, A721/A721M, A773/A773M, A804/A804M,A889/A889M, A937/A937M, A971/A971M, and Practice A664.1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest methods portion, Sect
6、ion 13, of this specification. Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prio
7、r to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A34/A34M Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testingof Magnetic MaterialsA340 Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating toMagnetic TestingA341/A341M Test Method for Direct Current MagneticProperties of Materials Using D-C Permeameters and t
8、heBallistic Test MethodsA343/A343M Test Method for Alternating-Current Mag-netic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies UsingWattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm EpsteinTest FrameA348/A348M Test Method for Alternating Current Mag-netic Properties of Materials Using the Wattmeter-Ammete
9、r-Voltmeter Method, 100 to 10 000 Hz and 25-cmEpstein FrameA596/A596M Test Method for Direct-Current MagneticProperties of Materials Using the Ballistic Method andRing SpecimensA664 Practice for Identification of Standard Electrical SteelGrades in ASTM SpecificationsA677 Specification for Nonoriente
10、d Electrical Steel FullyProcessed TypesA683 Specification for Nonoriented Electrical Steel, Semi-processed TypesA700 Practices for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Meth-ods for Steel Products for ShipmentA712 Test Method for Electrical Resistivity of Soft Mag-netic AlloysA717/A717M Test Method for Su
11、rface Insulation Resistiv-ity of Single-Strip SpecimensA719/A719M Test Method for Lamination Factor of Mag-netic MaterialsA720/A720M Test Method for Ductility of NonorientedElectrical SteelA721/A721M Test Method for Ductility of Oriented Elec-trical SteelA726 Specification for Cold-Rolled Magnetic L
12、aminationQuality Steel, Semiprocessed TypesA773/A773M Test Method for dc Magnetic Properties ofMaterials Using Ring and Permeameter Procedures withdc Electronic HysteresigraphsA804/A804M Test Methods for Alternating-Current Mag-netic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies UsingSheet-Type Test
13、SpecimensA840 Specification for Fully Processed Magnetic Lamina-tion SteelA876 Specification for Flat-Rolled, Grain-Oriented,1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 onMagnetic Properties and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A06.02 onMaterial Specifications.Cur
14、rent edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originallyapproved in 1949 to replace A310. Last previous edition approved in 2004 asA34504. DOI: 10.1520/A0345-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. Fo
15、r Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Silicon-Iron, Electrical Steel, Fully Processed TypesA889/A889M Test M
16、ethod for Alternating-Current Mag-netic Properties of Materials at Low Magnetic Flux Den-sity Using the Voltmeter-Ammeter-Wattmeter-VarmeterMethod and 25-cm Epstein FrameA937/A937M Test Method for Determining InterlaminarResistance of Insulating Coatings Using Two AdjacentTest SurfacesA971/A971M Tes
17、t Method for Measuring Edge Taper andCrown of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steel CoilsA976 Classification of Insulating Coatings for ElectricalSteels by Composition, Relative Insulating Ability andApplication3. Terminology3.1 The terms and symbols used in this specification aredefined in Terminology A340.
18、4. Ordering Information4.1 Orders for material under this specification shall includeas much of the following information as necessary to describethe desired material:4.1.1 Specification A345 or the individual specificationnumber for the specification that shall govern.4.1.2 Class of electrical stee
19、l, whether grain-oriented elec-trical steel, nonoriented electrical steel, or magnetic laminationsteel.4.1.3 Whether semi- or fully processed.4.1.4 Core loss type number or standard grade designation.If an individual specification is not cited, the limiting value ofthe core loss or other magnetic pr
20、operty that shall control, aswell as all applicable test conditions and test methods, shall bestated on the order.4.1.5 Insulation coating type.4.1.6 Thickness, width, and length, if in cut lengths insteadof coils, for the ordered item.4.1.7 Total weight of ordered item.4.1.8 Limitations on coil siz
21、e or lift weight.4.1.9 End use. Whenever possible, state a single end use forthe desired material. For instance, specify whether it is forpunched or stamped laminations, sheared laminations, woundcores, formed cores, welded lamination cores, adhesive-bonded cores, and so forth. This will help the pr
22、oducer toprovide material with the most desirable physical characteris-tics for the users fabricating practices.4.1.10 Exceptions to the cited specification or a statement ofspecial requirements.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Normally, these electrical steels are composed princi-pally of iron with
23、relatively small amounts of alloying elementssuch as silicon and aluminum. Other chemical elements areeither in residual amounts or added in small amounts toimprove fabrication. The producer shall provide on request astatement of nominal chemistry being supplied.5.2 The chemical composition and the
24、method of manufac-ture shall not be unduly prescribed. Any restriction on theconditions of manufacture shall be negotiated between theproducer and the user.5.3 When changes in the manufacture of successive ship-ments of material because of changing technology are believedto increase the likelihood o
25、f adverse effects upon magnetic orfabrication performance in the specified end use, the producershall notify the user before shipment is made so that he can beafforded an opportunity to evaluate the effects.6. Magnetic Properties6.1 Electrical steels are normally graded and purchased tospecified max
26、imum coreloss requirements. The user shallmake clear to the producer the limiting values of core lossrequired for the ordered material. The grain direction of the testspecimen, whether as sheared or given a specific anneal, thetest induction and frequency, the test method, and otherinformation perti
27、nent to the proper qualification of the materialshall be specified.6.2 When the desired end use imposes definite limits onother magnetic properties such as specific exciting power,relative permeability, coercive field strength, and so forth, theuser is responsible for so specifying on the order. The
28、 user shallalso state whether specific tests are required for these otherproperties or whether the specified characteristics are forinformational purposes only.6.3 The user may request statistical monitoring of productquality by the producer. If mutually agreed upon, any deviationfrom established pr
29、oduct quality limits shall be promptlyreported to the user prior to shipment even though the steelbeing provided conforms in all other respects to the specifica-tion.7. Electrical Properties7.1 Electrical steels are normally provided with an electricalresistivity appropriate to the core-loss limit a
30、nd the specifiedend use. If the electrical resistivity must be restricted, thelimiting value shall be negotiated with the producer.7.2 The surface insulation ability inherent in the processingof electrical steels for magnetic applications may differ widelywith the class of electrical steel and the i
31、ntended end use.Several types of applied coatings are available to attaindifferent levels of insulation ability as needed for criticalapplications. These inherent and applied coating types C-0,C-2, C-3, C-4, C-4AS, C-5, C5-AS, and C-6 are described andcharacterized in Classification A976. If the inh
32、erent mill-processed surface lacks sufficient insulating ability for theusers purposes, the user shall specify the applied coating typeto be used, whether tests shall be made by Test MethodA717/A717M or Test Method A937/A937M, any special testconditions under these test methods, and any limiting val
33、ue ofthe insulation ability.8. Mechanical Properties8.1 Requirements for ductility, lamination factor, tensile oryield strength, and so forth that differ from those inherent in theusual product meeting the magnetic requirements should bespecified. Any limiting value(s), the test method(s), and testc
34、onditions that apply should be specified also.A345 0929. Dimensions and Permissible Variations9.1 ThicknessElectrical steels are normally supplied incertain standardized decimal thicknesses for the various classesof electrical steel covered by the individual specifications listedin 1.2. The specifie
35、d thickness should be one of the standard-ized decimal thicknesses whenever possible. Where the re-quirements of the end use indicate thicknesses that are lighteror heavier than those commonly offered, the producer shouldbe consulted by the user and a thickness agreeable to both (andagreement on the
36、 corresponding effects on the magneticrequirements) should be negotiated.9.2 Thickness VariationsThe thickness supplied shall beas close as possible to the ordered decimal thickness. Thevariations with respect to the ordered thickness may differappreciably with the class of electrical steel to be pr
37、ovided andthe mill equipment normally used for its manufacture. Thespecified thickness tolerances should be no more stringent thanrequired for satisfactory fabrication of the desired end product.The tolerances given in the individual specifications representnormal commercial tolerances. For further
38、details or require-ments more stringent than the normal ones, the producershould be consulted.9.3 Width LimitationsMaximum widths that are availableare limited by the width capability of the rolling and othersteel-processing equipment used for the manufacture of thevarious classes of electrical stee
39、ls. Narrower than economicwidths are usually provided as subwidths slit from a moreeconomic width. Tolerances on the ordered width are depen-dent on the limitations imposed by the equipment required forthe ordered width. The individual specifications or the pro-ducer should be consulted for the norm
40、al tolerances that can beprovided.9.4 Cut LengthsMaterial to be supplied as sheets orblanks is generally obtained by shearing from coils. Thetolerances normally available may be determined by consultingthe individual specifications or the producer of the desiredmaterial.9.5 CamberIn cut lengths or c
41、oiled strip, the tolerance forthe deviation of a side edge from a true straight line touchingboth ends of the side over a specified length may be determinedby consulting the individual specifications or the producer ofthe desired material.10. Workmanship and Finish10.1 Flatness:10.1.1 Adequately def
42、ining a limiting degree of flatness ofelectrical steels for commercial purposes is extremely difficult.Therefore, no specific limits or qualifications for flatnessevaluation are generally accepted. It is recognized that sharpwaves and buckles are objectionable and that they should beminimized in the
43、 delivered material to an extent that willensure that it is suitable for fabrication of the intended endproduct.10.1.2 The user shall inform the producer of any require-ments for a degree of flatness more critical than that providedby the usual commercial manufacturing practices. Proceduresfor evalu
44、ating the required degree of flatness shall be negoti-ated between the user and the producer.10.2 Surface DefectsThe surface shall be reasonably freeof loose dust and essentially free of manufacturing defects suchas holes, blisters, slivers, indentations, and so forth, whichwould interfere with its
45、effective use in the intended applica-tion. Surface oxide and insulation coatings should be thin andtightly adherent.11. Sampling11.1 The producer shall assign a number to each test lot foridentification. The test lot shall conform to the requirements ofPractice A34/A34M unless otherwise agreed betw
46、een the userand the producer.11.2 Samples shall be obtained from full width coils afterthe final mill heat treatment or the final operation that may havea significant influence on the magnetic properties of the steel.12. Specimen Preparation12.1 The required samples shall be made into specimenssuita
47、ble for magnetic, electrical, or mechanical tests as requiredby Practice A34/A34M or by the test method cited in theindividual specification or the purchase order. Care should bepracticed to eliminate any bent, twisted, dented, highly burred,or improperly prepared pieces from the test specimen.13. T
48、est Methods13.1 The required tests to determine the core-loss grade, andother tests, when required, shall be in accordance with the testmethods of Practice A34/A34M or as designated in theindividual specification or the purchase order.13.2 The density of the material will vary according to thechemic
49、al composition of the material to be supplied. Theproper test density shall be determined and used in the testingby the producer in compliance with the requirements ofPractice A34/A34M.14. Test Report14.1 The producer shall submit to the user, at the time ofshipment or as promptly as possible thereafter, a certifiedreport of the measured core loss value(s) or other required testvalue(s) to show that the material conforms to the individualspecification or the purchase order. The test methods andapplicable test conditions, including the test density, shall beclearly stated. T
