1、Designation: A578/A578M 17Standard Specification forStraight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Rolled Steel Platesfor Special Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A578/A578M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 Th
3、is specification2covers the procedure and acceptancestandards for straight-beam, pulse-echo, ultrasonic examina-tion of rolled carbon and alloy steel plates,38 in. 10 mm inthickness and over, for special applications. The method willdetect internal discontinuities parallel to the rolled surfaces.Thr
4、ee levels of acceptance standards are provided. Supplemen-tary requirements are provided for alternative procedures.1.2 Individuals performing examinations in accordance withthis specification shall be qualified and certified in accordancewith the requirements of the latest edition of ASNT SNT-TC-1A
5、 or an equivalent accepted standard. An equivalentstandard is one which covers the qualification and certificationof ultrasonic nondestructive examination candidates and whichis acceptable to the purchaser.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as s
6、tandard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any,
7、associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationall
8、y recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A263 Specifica
9、tion for Stainless Chromium Steel-Clad PlateA264 Specification for Stainless Chromium-Nickel Steel-Clad PlateA265 Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Base Alloy-CladSteel PlateE317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics ofUltrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systemswithout the
10、Use of Electronic Measurement InstrumentsE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE2491 Guide for Evaluating Performance Characteristics ofPhased-Array Ultrasonic Testing Instruments and Systems2.2 ANSI Standard:4B 46.1 Surface Texture2.3 ASNT Standard:5SNT-TC-1A3. Terminology3.1 Definitions
11、For definitions of terms relating to nonde-structive examinations used in this specification, refer toTerminology E1316.4. Ordering Information4.1 The inquiry and order shall indicate the following:4.1.1 Acceptance level requirements (Sections 8, 9, and 10).Acceptance Level B shall apply unless othe
12、rwise agreed to bypurchaser and manufacturer.4.1.2 Any additions to the provisions of this specification asprescribed in 6.2, 14.1, and Section 11.4.1.3 Supplementary requirements, if any.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
13、and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.11 on Steel Plates for Boilers and Pressure Vessels.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017. Published November 2017. Originallyapproved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as A578/A578M 07(2012). DOI: 10.1520/A0578_A0578M-17.2For ASME Bo
14、iler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Specifi-cation SA-578/SA-578M in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the
15、 standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Available fromAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-
16、0518, http:/www.asnt.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principle
17、s on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.15. Apparatus5.1 The ultrasonic instrument shall be a pulse echo typeinstrument
18、capable of addressing either a mono-element probeor a phased-array probe and shall be equipped with a standard-ized dB gain or attenuation control stepped in increments of 1dB minimum. The system shall be capable of generating anddisplaying A-scans.5.2 Vertical and horizontal linearity and amplitude
19、 controllinearity shall be checked in accordance with Practice E317,Guide E2491, or another procedure approved by the users ofthis specification. An acceptable linearity performance may beagreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser.5.3 The transducer shall be 1 or 118 in. 25 or 30 mm indiameter or
20、 1 in. 25 mm square. When phased-array systemsare used, focal laws using an equivalent active aperture shall beused.5.4 Other search units may be used for evaluating andpinpointing indications.6. Procedure6.1 Perform the inspection in an area free of operations thatinterfere with proper performance
21、of the test.6.2 Unless otherwise specified, make the ultrasonic exami-nation on either major surface of the plate.6.3 The plate surface shall be sufficiently clean and smoothto maintain a first reflection from the opposite side of the plateat least 50 % of full scale during scanning. This may involv
22、esuitable means of scale removal at the manufacturers option.Condition local rough surfaces by grinding. Restore anyspecified identification which is removed when grinding toachieve proper surface smoothness.6.4 Perform the test by one of the following methods: directcontact, immersion, or liquid co
23、lumn coupling. Use a suitablecouplant such as water, soluble oil, or glycerin. As a result ofthe test by this method, the surface of plates may be expectedto have a residue of oil or rust or both.6.5 A nominal test frequency of 214 MHz is recommended.When testing plates less than34 in. 20 mm thick a
24、 frequencyof 5 MHz may be necessary. Thickness, grain size or micro-structure of the material and nature of the equipment or methodmay require a higher or lower test frequency. Use the trans-ducers at their rated frequency. A clean, easily interpretedA-scan display should be produced during the exam
25、ination.6.6 Scanning:6.6.1 Scanning shall be along continuous perpendicular gridlines on nominal 9-in. 225-mm centers, or at the option of themanufacturer, shall be along continuous parallel paths, trans-verse to the major plate axis, on nominal 4-in. 100-mmcenters, or shall be along continuous para
26、llel paths parallel tothe major plate axis, on 3-in. 75-mm or smaller centers.Measure the lines from the center or one corner of the platewith an additional path within 2 in. 50 mm of all edges of theplate on the examination surface.6.6.2 Conduct the general scanning with an instrumentadjustment tha
27、t will produce a first reflection from the oppositeside of a sound area of the plate from 50 to 90 % of full scale.Minor sensitivity adjustments may be made to accommodatefor surface roughness.6.6.3 When a discontinuity condition is observed duringgeneral scanning adjust the instrument to produce a
28、firstreflection from the opposite side of a sound area of the plate of75 6 5 % of full scale. Maintain this instrument setting duringevaluation of the discontinuity condition.7. Recording7.1 Record all discontinuities causing complete loss of backreflection.7.2 For plates34 in. 20 mm thick and over,
29、 record allindications with amplitudes equal to or greater than 50 % of theinitial back reflection and accompanied by a 50 % loss of backreflection.NOTE 1Indications occurring midway between the initial pulse andthe first back reflection may cause a second reflection at the location of thefirst back
30、 reflection. When this condition is observed it shall be investi-gated additionally by use of multiple back reflections.7.3 Where grid scanning is performed and recordable con-ditions as in 7.1 and 7.2 are detected along a given grid line, theentire surface area of the squares adjacent to this indic
31、ationshall be scanned. Where parallel path scanning is performedand recordable conditions as in 7.1 and 7.2 are detected, theentire surface area ofa9by9-in. 225 by 225-mm squarecentered on this indication shall be scanned. The true bound-aries where these conditions exist shall be established in eit
32、hermethod by the following technique: Move the transducer awayfrom the center of the discontinuity until the height of the backreflection and discontinuity indications are equal. Mark theplate at a point equivalent to the center of the transducer.Repeat the operation to establish the boundary.8. Acc
33、eptance StandardLevel A8.1 Any area where one or more discontinuities produce acontinuous total loss of back reflection accompanied by con-tinuous indications on the same plane (within5%ofplatethickness) that cannot be encompassed within a circle whosediameter is 3 in. 75 mm or12 of the plate thickn
34、ess,whichever is greater, is unacceptable.9. Acceptance StandardsLevel B9.1 Any area where one or more discontinuities produce acontinuous total loss of back reflection accompanied by con-tinuous indications on the same plane (within5%ofplatethickness) that cannot be encompassed within a circle whos
35、ediameter is 3 in. 75 mm or12 of the plate thickness,whichever is greater, is unacceptable.9.2 In addition, two or more discontinuities smaller thandescribed in 9.1 shall be unacceptable unless separated by aminimum distance equal to the greatest diameter of the largerdiscontinuity or unless they ma
36、y be collectively encompassedby the circle described in 9.1.10. Acceptance StandardLevel C10.1 Any area where one or more discontinuities produce acontinuous total loss of back reflection accompanied by con-tinuous indications on the same plane (within5%ofplateA578/A578M 172thickness) that cannot be
37、 encompassed within a 1-in. 25-mmdiameter circle is unacceptable.11. Report11.1 Unless otherwise agreed to by the purchaser and themanufacturer, the manufacturer shall report the following data:11.1.1 All recordable indications listed in Section 7 on asketch of the plate with sufficient data to rela
38、te the geometryand identity of the sketch to those of the plate.11.1.2 Test parameters including: Make and model ofinstrument, surface condition, search unit (type and frequency),and couplant.11.1.3 Date of test.12. Inspection12.1 The inspector representing the purchaser shall haveaccess at all time
39、s, while work on the contract of the purchaseris being performed, to all parts of the manufacturers worksthat concern the ultrasonic testing of the material ordered. Themanufacturer shall afford the inspector all reasonable facilitiesto satisfy him that the material is being furnished in accordancew
40、ith this specification. All tests and inspections shall be madeat the place of manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwisespecified, and shall be conducted without interfering unneces-sarily with the manufacturers operations.13. Rehearing13.1 The manufacturer reserves the right to discuss reject
41、-able ultrasonically tested plate with the purchaser with theobject of possible repair of the ultrasonically indicated defectbefore rejection of the plate.14. Marking14.1 Plates accepted according to this specification shall beidentified by stenciling (stamping) “UT A578A” on onecorner for Level A,
42、“UT A578B” for Level B, and “UTA578C” for Level C. The supplement number shall be addedfor each supplementary requirement ordered.15. Keywords15.1 nondestructive testing; pressure containing parts; pres-sure vessel steels; steel plate for pressure vessel applications;steel plates; straight-beam; ult
43、rasonic examinationsSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSThese supplementary requirements shall apply only when individually specified by the purchaser.When details of these requirements are not covered herein, they are subject to agreement between themanufacturer and the purchaser.S1. ScanningS1.1 Scanning sh
44、all be continuous over 100 % of the platesurface along parallel paths, transverse or parallel to the majorplate axis, with not less than 10 % overlap between each path.S2. Acceptance StandardS2.1 Any recordable condition listed in Section 7 that (1)iscontinuous, (2) is on the same plane (within5%oft
45、heplatethickness), and (3) cannot be encompassed by a 3-in. 75-mmdiameter circle, is unacceptable. Two or more recordableconditions (see Section 7), that (1) are on the same plane(within5%ofplate thickness), (2) individually can beencompassed by a 3-in. 75-mm diameter circle, (3) areseparated from e
46、ach other by a distance less than the greatestdimension of the smaller indication, and (4) collectively cannotbe encompassed by a 3-in. 75-mm diameter circle, areunacceptable.S2.2 An acceptance level more restrictive than Section 8 or9 shall be used by agreement between the manufacturer andpurchaser
47、.S3. ProcedureS3.1 The manufacturer shall provide a written procedure inaccordance with this specification.S4. CertificationS4.1 The manufacturer shall provide a written certificationof the ultrasonic test operators qualifications.S5. Surface FinishS5.1 The surface finish of the plate shall be condi
48、tioned toa maximum 125 in. 3 mAA(seeANSI B 46.1) prior to test.S6. WithdrawnSee Specifications A263, A264, and A265 for equivalentdescriptions for clad quality level.S7. WithdrawnSee Specifications A263, A264, and A265 for equivalentdescriptions for clad quality level.S8. Ultrasonic Examination Usin
49、g Flat Bottom Hole Cali-bration (for Plates 4 in. 100 mm Thick and Greater)S8.1 Use the following calibration and recording proceduresin place of 6.6.2, 6.6.3, and Section 7.S8.2 The transducer shall be in accordance with 5.3.S8.3 Reference ReflectorsThe T/4, T/2, and 3T/4 deep flatbottom holes shall be used to calibrate the equipment, where Tis the thickness of the plate. The flat bottom hole diameter shallbe in accordance with Table S8.1. The holes may be drilled inTABLE S8.1 Calibration Hole Diameter as a Function of Pla
