1、Designation: A 978/A 978M 08Standard Specification forComposite Ribbed Steel Pipe, Precoated and PolyethyleneLined for Gravity Flow Sanitary Sewers, Storm Sewers, andOther Special Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 978/A 978M; the number immediately following the desi
2、gnation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers comp
3、osite ribbed steel pipe,precoated and polyethylene lined intended for use for gravityflow sanitary sewers, storm sewers, and other special applica-tions such as water transmission pipe, rehabilitation pipe, slipline pipe, and irrigation pipe where extra corrosion andabrasion resistance are required.
4、 The steel sheet used in thefabrication of the pipe has a polymer coating over a metalliccoating of zinc on both sides. In addition, as the pipe is beingfabricated, the ribs are filled with polyethylene and then apolyethylene liner is extruded onto the interior surface.1.2 The exterior polymer preco
5、ating provides extra protec-tion of the steel against soilside corrosion, in addition to thatprovided by the metallic coating, and also provides a dielectricbarrier for cathodic protection. The interior polymer precoatingprovides an adhesive layer between the galvanized steel andthe polyethylene lin
6、ing. The applied lining provides internalprotection against corrosion, erosion, and abrasion. By fillingthe rib which has a deltoid shape (smaller at the opening in thepipe wall than at the bottom of the rib), the polyethylene ismechanically connected to the pipe wall and the polyethyleneliner is th
7、en thermally bonded to the filled rib.1.3 This specification does not include requirements forbedding, backfill, or the relationship between earth cover loadand sheet thickness of the pipe. Experience has shown that thesuccessful performance of this product depends upon theproper selection of sheet
8、thickness, type of bedding andbackfill, controlled manufacture in the plant, and care in theinstallation. The installation procedure is described in PracticeA 798.1.4 This specification is applicable to orders in eitherinch-pound units as A 978, or in SI units as A 978M.Inch-pound units and SI units
9、 are not necessarily equivalent. SIunits are shown in brackets in the text for clarity, but they arethe applicable values when the material is ordered to A 978M.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the us
10、er of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 90/A 90M Test Method for Weight Mass of Coating onIron and Steel Articles with Zinc or Zinc-Alloy CoatingsA 1
11、53/A 153M Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) onIron and Steel HardwareA 307 Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60000 PSI Tensile StrengthA 563 Specification for Carbons and Alloy Steel NutsA 563M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts(Metric)A 742/A 742M Specification for S
12、teel Sheet, MetallicCoated and Polymer Precoated for Corrugated Steel PipeA 780 Practice for Repair of Damaged and Uncoated Areasof Hot-Dip Galvanized CoatingsA 796/A 796M Practice for Structural Design of Corru-gated Steel Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches for Storm andSanitary Sewers and Other Buried
13、ApplicationsA 798/A 798M Practice for Installing Factory-Made Corru-gated Steel Pipe for Sewers and Other ApplicationsA 902 Terminology Relating to Metallic Coated Steel Prod-uctsA 926 Test Method for Comparing the Abrasion Resistanceof Coating Materials for Corrugated Metal PipeA 929/A 929M Specifi
14、cation for Steel Sheet, Metallic-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process for Corrugated Steel PipeB 633 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zincon Iron and SteelB 695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc MechanicallyDeposited on Iron and Steel1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Comm
15、ittee A05 onMetallic-Coated Iron and Steel Products and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee A05.17 on Corrugated Steel Pipe Specifications.Current edition approved May 1, 2008. Published June 2008. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2002 asA 978/A 978M - 98(2002)1.
16、2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
17、C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.C 443 Specification for Joints for Concrete Pipe and Man-holes, Using Rubber GasketsC 443M Specification for Joints for Concrete Pipe andManholes, Using Rubber Gaskets MetricD 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD 792 Test Methods f
18、or Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD 1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-ness of Organic Coatings Using MicrometersD 1056 Specification for Flexible Cellular MaterialsSponge or Expanded Rubber,D 1238 Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermo
19、plasticsby Extrusion PlastometerD 2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometerHardnessD 1435 Practice for Outdoor Weathering of PlasticsD 3212 Specification for Joints for Drain and Sewer PlasticPipes Using Flexible Elastomeric SealsD 5576 Practice for Determination of Structural Features inPolyole
20、fins and Polyolefin Copolymers by Infrared Spec-trophotometry (FT-IR)D 5630 Test Method for Ash Content in PlasticsF 568M Specification for Carbon andAlloy Steel ExternallyThreaded Metric Fasteners (Metric)F 593 Specification for Stainless Steel Bolts, Hex CapScrews, and StudsF 594 Specification for
21、 Stainless Steel NutsF 738M Specification for Stainless Steel Metric Bolts,Screws, and Studs (Metric)F 836M Specification for Style 1 Stainless Steel MetricNuts (Metric)2.2 AASHTO Standard:3T 249 Test for Helical Lock Seam Corrugated PipeStandard Specifications for Highway Bridges, Division II,Secti
22、on 26LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, Section 263. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this speci-fication, refer to Terminology A 902.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 composite, nthe joining of steel and plastic toachieve a synergy of desirable
23、 characteristics not attainable byeither material alone.3.2.2 deltoid shape, nthe open triangular shape of the ribprofile, which has a greater dimension at the base (away fromthe pipe wall) than at the peak (opening at the interior wall ofthe pipe).3.2.3 extruded liner, na liner produced by a proces
24、s thatapplies melted polyethylene into the ribs and sequentiallyextrudes a liner over the top of the rib openings and across theadjacent flats while the pipe is being fabricated.4. Ordering Information4.1 Orders for material to this specification shall include thefollowing information as necessary,
25、to adequately describe thedesired product.4.1.1 Name of material (composite ribbed steel pipe, pre-coated and polyethylene lined),4.1.2 Type of metallic coating (zinc) (see 5.1),4.1.3 ASTM designation and year of issue, as A 978 forinch-pound units or as A 978M for SI units,4.1.4 Rib size and spacin
26、g (see Table 1). If not stated, thesize and spacing combination furnished shall be at the fabri-cators option,4.1.5 Diameter of pipe (see 7.1),4.1.6 Length, either total length or length of each piece andnumber of pieces,4.1.7 Sheet thickness (see 7.2),4.1.8 Joint connectors, number, and type (soil
27、tight, water-resistant, or watertight),4.1.9 Certification, if required (see 13.1), and4.1.10 Special requirements.NOTE 1Typical ordering descriptions are as follows: (1) Compositeribbed steel pipe, precoated and polyethylene lined, zinc-coated, inaccordance with Specification A 978,34 by34 by 712 i
28、n., 72 in. diameter,600 ft. in length, 0.109 in. sheet thickness, 30-soil tight joint connectors;3Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.TABLE 1 Rib Requirements f
29、or Steel PipeNominal Size Deltoid Shaped RibNarrowestWidth,AMinWidestWidth,BMinDepth,CMinSpacing,DMaxBottomOutsideRadius,MinBottomOutsideRadius,EMax AvgTopOutsideRadius,MinTopOutsideRadius,EMax AvgA 978, in.34 by34 by 712 0.45 0.68 0.73 712 0.10 0.25 0.10+t 0.25+t34 by1by1112 0.45 0.68 0.90 1134 0.1
30、0 0.25 0.10+t 0.25+tA 978M, mm19 by 19 by 190 12 17 19 190 2.5 6.0 2.5+t 6.0+t19 by 25 by 292 12 17 23 298 2.5 6.0 2.5+t 6.0+tANarrowest width is a dimension of the inside of the rib measured on the inside of the pipe.BWidest width is a dimension of the inside of the rib but is measured on the outsi
31、de of the pipe (outside of the rib) and shall meet or exceed the stated minimum widthplus two times the wall thickness (that is, 2t + 0.68 in. (2t +17mm).CDepth is an average of the ribs within a sheet width measured from the inside by placing a straight edge across the open rib and measuring to the
32、 bottom of the rib.DSpacing is an average of three adjacent ribs (one sheet width) spacings for34 by34 3 712 in. pipe and two adjacent rib (one sheet width) spacings for the34 3 13 1112 in. pipe measured center-to-center of the ribs, at 90 to the direction of the ribs.EThe average of the two top rib
33、 radii and of the two bottom radii shall be within the minimum and maximum tolerances. The term“ outside” refers to the outside surfaceof the pipe.A 978/A 978M 082(2) Composite ribbed steel pipe, precoated and polyethylene lined,zinc-coated, in accordance with Specification A 978M, 19 by 19 by 190mm
34、, 1800 mm diameter, 182.9 m in length, 2.77 mm sheet thickness,30-soil tight joint connectors.5. Material5.1 Steel Sheets for PipeAll pipe fabricated under thisspecification shall be formed from polymer precoated sheetconforming to Specification A 742/A 742M, except that oneside of the sheet (interi
35、or side of pipe) shall have additives thatwill enhance the bond with the extruded polyethylene liner.5.1.1 The polymer shall have a minimum thickness of 10mils 250 m on each side.5.1.2 The polymer coating is applied to steel having ametallic coating of zinc as described in Specification A 929/A 929M
36、.5.2 Polyethylene for Rib Filling and the Internal LinerThe polyethylene for rib filling and the internal liner shall be avirgin resin which is predominantly an ethylene octene copoly-mer. The polymer shall be stabilized for processing at 500F260C and to endure a 180-day exposure to sunlight. Thepol
37、ymer can contain pigments and stabilizer but shall be 99 %minimum polyethylene resin.5.2.1 The resin properties shall be:Melt index: I2= 7.5 g/10 min (6 1.5) Test Method D 1238Flow Rate Ratio: I10/I2= 7-8 Test Method D 1238Density: 0.902 g/cc (6 .002) Test Methods D 792Hardness: ShoreD=45(6 5) Test
38、Method D 2240Ash Content: 1.0 % Test Method D 56305.2.2 Analyze the precoated film and the polymer by FTIRspectrophotometry in accordance with Practice D 5576 andliquid chromatography methods and compare to standards toverify the polymer is suitable for the application. A lotidentification system sh
39、all be used to allow traceability ofresin.5.3 Steel Sheet for Joint ConnectorsThe sheet used infabricating joint connectors shall conform to the same specifi-cation listed in 5.1 as that used for fabricating of the pipefurnished under the order.5.4 Polyethylene for Joint ConnectorsThe polyethyleneus
40、ed in fabricating joint connectors shall be compatible withthe polymer precoated sheet conforming to the specificationlisted in 5.1 or with the polyethylene used to fill the ribs andfabricate the liner as listed in 5.2, or both.5.5 Hardware for Storm Sewer Joint ConnectorsExternalbolts and nuts for
41、storm sewer joint connectors shall conformto the following requirements:Bolts NutsFor A 978 pipe Specification A 307 Specification A 563,Grade AFor A 978M pipe Specification F 568M,Class 4.6Specification A 563M,Class 55.5.1 Bolts, nuts, and other threaded items used with jointconnectors shall be zin
42、c coated by one of the followingprocesses: hot-dip process as provided in Specification A 153/A 153M; electroplating process as provided in SpecificationB 633, Class Fe/Zn 25; or mechanical process as provided inSpecification B 695, Class 8. Other hardware items used withjoint connectors shall be zi
43、nc coated by one of the followingprocesses: hot-dip process as provided in Specification A 153/A 153M; electroplating process as provided in SpecificationB 633, Class Fe/Zn 25; or mechanical process as provided inSpecification B 695, Class 25.5.6 Hardware for Sanitary Sewer Joint ConnectorsExternal
44、bolts and nuts for sanitary sewer joint connectors shallconform to the following requirements:Bolts NutsFor A 978 pipe Specification F 593 Marten-sitic Alloy 410Specification F 594 Marten-sitic Alloy 410For A 978M pipe Specification F 738M Mar-tensitic Alloy 410Specification F 836M Mar-tensitic Allo
45、y 4105.7 GasketsIf gaskets are used in connecting, they shallbe a band of expanded rubber meeting the requirements ofSpecification D 1056 for the “RE” closed-cell grades, orO-rings meeting the requirements of Specification C 443 orSpecification C 443M, butyl rubber base joint sealant, or otherapprov
46、ed resilient materials.6. Fabrication6.1 General RequirementsPipe shall be fabricated in fullcircular cross-section with helical lock seams and helical ribsprojecting outwardly.6.2 ProfileThe profile shall be essentially deltoid shapedribs projecting outward from the pipe wall. The dimensions ofthe
47、ribs shall be in accordance with Table 1 for the sizeindicated on the order. For the 11.5-in. 292 mm rib spacing,if the sheet between the ribs does not include a lock seam, astiffener shall be included midway between the ribs. Thisstiffener shall have a nominal radius of 0.25 in. 6.4 mm anda minimum
48、 height of 0.20 in. 5.1 mm toward the outside ofthe pipe.6.3 Helical Lock SeamsThe lock seam shall be formed inthe flat zone of the pipe wall, between two ribs.6.3.1 The edges of the sheets within the cross section of thelock seam shall lap at least516 in. 7.9 mm with an occasionaltolerance of 10 %
49、of the lap width allowable. The lappedsurfaces shall be in tight contact. The profile of the sheet shallinclude a retaining offset adjacent to the 180 fold (as describedin AASHTO T 249) of one sheet thickness on one side of thelock seam. There shall be no visible cracks in the metal, loss ofsheet-to-sheet contact, or excessive angularity on the interior ofthe 180 fold of metal at the completion of forming the lockseam.6.3.2 Specimens cut from production pipe normal to andacross the lock seam shall develop the tensile
