1、Designation: A979/A979M 03 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Specification forConcrete Pavements and Linings Installed in CorrugatedSteel Structures in the Field1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A979/A979M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original ado
2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the minimum material require-ments and descri
3、bes the procedures for installing concretepavements and linings in corrugated steel pipes and structuralplate structures in the field. Specific designs with additional orgreater requirements shall be detailed in the contract docu-ments. This specification is applicable to paving or lining newpipes a
4、nd for rehabilitating existing structures. The pipe to bepaved or lined is described in Specifications A760/A760M,A761/A761M, and A762/A762M.1.2 This specification covers pipes 48 in. 1 200 mm andlarger for pavements and 24 in. 600 mm and larger for fulllinings.1.3 New pipes are to be designed in ac
5、cordance withPractice A796/A796M and installed in accordance with Prac-tice A798/A798M for factory-made pipes and Practice A807/A807M for structural plate structures. Structures to be reha-bilitated shall be structurally stable.1.4 Pipes with plant installed concrete pavements and lin-ings are cover
6、ed under Specification A849.1.5 This specification is applicable to product in eitherinch/pound units as A979 or in SI units as A979M. Inch/poundunits and SI units are not necessarily equivalent. SI units areshown in brackets in the text for clarity, but they are theapplicable values when materials
7、are ordered to A979M.1.6 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-tions and equipment. The standard does not purport to addressall of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It isthe responsibility of the user of this standard to establishappropriate safety and health pract
8、ices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A185/A185M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forcement, Plain, for ConcreteA615/A615M Specification for Deformed and PlainCarbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA760/A760
9、M Specification for Corrugated Steel Pipe,Metallic-Coated for Sewers and DrainsA761/A761M Specification for Corrugated Steel StructuralPlate, Zinc-Coated, for Field-Bolted Pipe, Pipe-Arches,and ArchesA762/A762M Specification for Corrugated Steel Pipe,Polymer Precoated for Sewers and DrainsA796/A796M
10、 Practice for Structural Design of CorrugatedSteel Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches for Storm and Sani-tary Sewers and Other Buried ApplicationsA798/A798M Practice for Installing Factory-Made Corru-gated Steel Pipe for Sewers and Other ApplicationsA807/A807M Practice for Installing Corrugated SteelStru
11、ctural Plate Pipe for Sewers and Other ApplicationsA849 Specification for Post-Applied Coatings, Pavings, andLinings for Corrugated Steel Sewer and Drainage PipeA902 Terminology Relating to Metallic Coated Steel Prod-uctsC31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC33
12、Specification for Concrete AggregatesC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cy-lindrical Concrete SpecimensC150 Specification for Portland CementC309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification f
13、or Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A05 onMetallic-Coated Iron and Steel Products and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee A05.17 on Corrugated Steel Pipe Specifications.Current edition approved
14、 Nov. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as A979/A979M - 03.DOI: 10.1520/A0979_A0979M-03R09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of AS
15、TMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D3405 Specification for Joint Sealants, Hot-Applied, forConcrete and Asphalt Pavements32.
16、2 American Water Works Association Standards:AWWAC602 Standards for Cement-Mortar Lining of WaterPipelines-4 in. (100 mm) and larger-in place43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of general terms used inthis specification, see Terminology A902.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standa
17、rd:3.2.1 contractor, nthe installer or applicator of the con-crete pavement of lining.3.2.2 engineer, nthe designer of the work and its details.3.2.3 fabricator, nthe producer of the pipe.3.2.4 lining, nfor corrugated metal pipe, a layer of non-metallic material applied uniformly to the interior of
18、a fabri-cated pipe, of sufficient thickness to fill and cover the corru-gations.3.2.5 pavement, nfor corrugated metal pipe, a liningapplied only to a portion of the interior circumference, usuallylocated in the lower portion (as the pipe is installed).3.2.6 purchaser, nthe person or agency purchasin
19、g thefinished product.4. Requirements4.1 Concrete PavementsConcrete pavements shall beplaced after the pipe has been installed. For new pipes,pavements shall be placed after the pipe is backfilled to finalgrade. If the depth of fill exceeds four feet, the pavement maybe placed after four feet of bac
20、kfill over the pipe has beenplaced. If the paving is placed prior to completion of the entirefill, any gaps between the pipe and pavement shall be filledwith heated joint sealer conforming to Specification D3405.Special pavement designs, which exceed the minimum require-ments of this specification,
21、shall be detailed in the job plansand specifications. In lieu of special designs, pavements shallextend over the area to be protected or rehabilitated. Invertpavements shall cover a minimum of the bottom 25 % of around pipes circumference and 40 % of the circumference ofa pipe-arch (the invert of th
22、e pipe-arch), unless a special designis detailed in the plans and specifications.4.1.1 The concrete for pavements shall have a minimum28-day compressive strength of 3250 psi 22.4 MPa whentested in accordance with Specification C31/C31M and TestMethod C39/C39M. The pavement shall have a minimum 3 in.
23、75-mm thickness above the crests of the corrugations orstructural plate bolts or nuts as applicable.4.1.2 A minimum pavement thickness of 1-12 in. 38 mmabove the crests of the corrugations or structural plate bolts ornuts as applicable is required if concrete with a 28-dayminimum compressive strengt
24、h of 5 000 psi 34.5 MPa whentested in accordance with Specification C31/C31M and TestMethod C39/C39M, is used.NOTE 1For rehabilitation applications, greater concrete pavementthicknesses may be required to replace necessary pipe ring compressionstrength lost due to service conditions.4.2 Concrete Lin
25、ingsConcrete linings shall be placedafter the pipe has been installed and backfilled to final grade.Concrete linings shall cover 100 % of the circumference ofround pipes.4.2.1 The concrete for linings shall have a minimum 28-daycompressive strength of 5 000 psi 34.5 MPa when tested inaccordance with
26、 Specification C31/C31M and Test MethodC39/C39M. The lining shall have a minimum thickness of18in. 3.2 mm above the crests of the corrugations or structuralplate bolts or nuts as applicable.4.3 Concrete MaterialsConcrete materials for pavementsand linings shall consist of portland cement, fly ash (w
27、henused), aggregates and water. Special additives for air entrain-ment, sulfate resistance, etc., may be included as part of aspecific mix design that meets or exceeds the requirements ofthis specification.4.3.1 The cement for pavements shall be Type II portlandcement conforming to Specification C15
28、0 with an alkalicontent not more than 0.60 % expressed as Na2O.4.3.2 The cement used for linings shall conform to therequirements of Specification C150 for Type I or Type II.4.3.3 Type IP portland Pozzolan cement conforming toSpecification C595 shall be permitted in concrete for pave-ments or lining
29、s, in lieu of the requirements of 4.3.1 or 4.3.2,if no fly ash is used in the mix.4.3.4 Aggregates shall be clean, hard, and durable conform-ing to the requirements of Specification C33 except that forconcrete linings, the requirements for grading do not apply. Forlinings, the aggregates shall be we
30、ll graded with 100 % passingthe No. 16 1.18 mm sieve with no more than 5 % passing theNo. 100 150-m sieve.4.3.5 Fly ash shall conform to the requirements of Specifi-cation C618 for Class C or Class F. When used for pavementsor linings, fly ash shall not exceed 20 % weight of the totalcementitious ma
31、terials in the mix.4.3.6 Potable water shall be used.4.3.7 Steel reinforcement, when required for pavements,shall be billet-steel bars conforming to Specification A615/A615M, Grade 40 minimum or welded wire fabric reinforce-ment conforming to Specification A185/A185M.4.4 Concrete MixThe concrete mix
32、 shall be uniform andhomogeneous. The water content shall be the minimum quan-tity that produces a workable mixture with full allowance madefor condensation forming on the interior of the pipe. Thewater-cement ratio of the mix shall not exceed 0.50 by weight.NOTE 2Guidance as to concrete mix consist
33、ency requirements forvarious types of equipment used to place full concrete linings is providedin the American Water Works Association (AWWA) .4.5 Surface Finish:4.5.1 Pavements shall have a troweled or untroweled sur-face finish as specified in the contract documents. Full liningsshall have a trowe
34、led surface finish.4.5.1.1 Untroweled pavements shall be uniform and regularin appearance, meeting the requirements of 4.1 unless the plans3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from American Water Works Association (AWWA), 6666 W. Q
35、uincyAve., Denver, CO 80235, http:/www.awwa.org.A979/A979M 03 (2009)2and specifications require a specially roughened surface, en-ergy dissipators, etc., to slow or impede flow.NOTE 3Concrete pavements including special surface rougheningtechniques (the placement of concrete bricks, blocks, etc., in
36、to thepavement to provide energy dissipating flow checks, etc.) are permitted.Such techniques must be detailed in the plans and specifications.4.5.2 A troweled surface finish shall be accomplished usingmetal trowels and floats. The finished surface shall meet therequirements of 7.4.4.6 Pipe Repairs:
37、4.6.1 When paving or lining new pipes, damaged pipe shallbe replaced or repaired in accordance with the pipe Specifica-tions A760/A760M, A761/A761M,orA762/A762M, as appli-cable.4.6.2 Damaged or deteriorated pipes to be rehabilitated shallbe repaired as directed by the engineer. Repairs are therespon
38、sibility of the paving or lining contractor or others asdictated by the contract documents.5. Procedures5.1 Cleaning and Preparation:5.1.1 The interior surface areas of new pipes to be paved orlined shall be free or oil, grease, and accumulated or runningwater. Dirt and construction debris shall be
39、removed. Brushing,sweeping, or flushing are appropriate cleaning means. Shot orsand blasting shall not be permitted.5.1.2 For rehabilitating pipes in service, the areas to bepaved or lined shall be cleaned by methods specified orapproved by the purchaser to remove corrosion, chemical orother product
40、s, any loose or deteriorated remains of oldcoatings, oils, greases, dirt and all other debris, as well asaccumulated or running water.5.1.3 Casual or standing water except for naturally occur-ring condensation shall be removed from surfaces to be lined orpaved. When running water or service flows ar
41、e present, abypass system carrying these flows around the portion of thepipeline to be paved or lined shall be provided by thecontractor. The bypass system shall be approved by thepurchaser and shall carry all the flows. The pavement or liningis to be placed in dry conditions and cured adequately to
42、preclude erosion of the concrete, loss of cement or theformation of excessive laitance.5.2 Paving Methods:5.2.1 Pavements shall be placed by hand or slip formingmethods. They must be placed in a full thickness, screeded andfinished to the necessary smoothness.5.2.2 Reinforcement shall be supplied an
43、d installed by thepipe fabricator if required by the purchase agreement for thepipe. Otherwise, for new pipe installations and all rehabilita-tion work the reinforcement shall be supplied and installed bythe contractor or others designated in the contract documents.5.2.3 Reinforcement shall be of th
44、e type, size, and spacingas required by the plans and specifications. If the type, size, andspacing of reinforcement are not given in the plans or specifi-cations, a minimum 434 W1.43W1.4 welded wire fabric shallbe provided.5.2.4 Reinforcement shall be securely fastened to the pipe.NOTE 4Reinforceme
45、nt, when required, typically consists of longitu-dinal No. 3 or larger bars, located to provide a minimum of 0.2 %reinforcement area. Steel welded wire fabric, used in lieu of bars, isselected to provide this minimum, longitudinal steel reinforcement areawith a mesh size that accommodates foot traff
46、ic during assembly andconcrete placement. Specific designs including reinforcement must evalu-ate reinforcement location and pavement thickness to provide adequateconcrete cover over the reinforcement for the intended application.5.3 Lining Methods:5.3.1 The lining for all straight pipe sections sha
47、ll be placed,in one or more passes, by a machine that progresses uniformlythrough the pipe and applies concrete against the pipe surfacefully filling the corrugation and providing a uniform thicknessover the corrugation crests meeting the requirements of 4.2.1.The machine shall not segregate the mix
48、 and shall be providedwith mechanical trowels to achieve the desired finish.5.3.2 Linings shall be hand placed in sharp bends, or otherareas where machine lining is not practicable. All handworkshall meet the requirements of 4.2.All hand placed lining workshall be completed within 24 h after complet
49、ion of the machineapplication portion of the pipeline.5.4 Curing:5.4.1 Curing operations shall begin immediately followingthe completion of the placement of the pavement or lining in asection of pipeline and shall continue for a minimum period of72 h or as directed by the engineer. The surface of the concreteshall be kept moist during the cure period. When practical, thepipeline shall be closed with airtight covers and the liningsmaintained in a moist condition.5.4.2 Where airtight closures to prevent the evaporation lossare not practicable, pro
