1、Designation: B243 16B243 16aStandard Terminology ofPowder Metallurgy1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B243; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indic
2、ates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions that are helpful in the interpretation and application of powder metallurgyterms.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM St
3、andards:B331 Test Method for Compressibility of Metal Powders in Uniaxial Compaction3. Terminology3.1 Table of Contents1 Powders1.0 General 3.2.11.1 Processes to Produce Powder 3.2.81.2 Types of Powder 3.2.201.3 Shapes of Powder Particles 3.2.441.4 Additives to Powder 3.2.531.5 Treatment of Powder 3
4、.2.601.6 Properties of Powder 3.2.651.7 Procedures to Evaluate Powder 3.2.921.8 Equipment to Evaluate Powder 3.2.962 Forming2.0 General 3.3.12.1 Processes for Compacting 3.3.132.2 Conditions of Compacting2.3 Tools Used for Compacting 3.3.302.4 Phenomena Resulting from Compaction 3.3.442.5 Properties
5、 of Compacts 3.3.602.6 Forging 3.3.652.7 Metal Injection Molding 3.3.733 Sintering3.1 Process for Sintering 3.4.13.2 Conditions During Sintering 3.4.133.3 Phenomena Resulting from Sintering 3.4.203.4 Properties of Sintered Parts 3.4.413.5 Procedure to Evaluate Sintered Parts 3.4.593.6 Removal of Bin
6、ders 3.4.614 Postsinter Treatments4.1 Processes 3.5.15 Miscellaneous5.1 Definitions 3.6.15.2 Processes 3.6.75.3 Materials 3.6.143.2 Definitions: Powder Terms associated with production, characterization, use, and testing of metal powders.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
7、 B09 on Metal Powders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeB09.01 on Nomenclature and Technical Data.Current edition approved July 1, 2016Dec. 1, 2016. Published July 2016February 2017. Originally approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 20132016 asB24
8、3 13.B243 16. DOI: 10.1520/B0243-16.10.1520/B0243-16A.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes ac
9、curately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United S
10、tates13.2.1 General:agglomerate, nseveral particles adhering together.metal powder, nparticles of elemental metals or alloys, normally less than 1000 m (1 mm) in size.particulate matter, nsee powder.PM, n the acronym for powder metallurgy.powder, nparticles that are usually less than 1000 m (1 mm) i
11、n size.powder metallurgy, nthe production and utilization of metal powders.3.2.8 Processes to Produce Powderair classification, nthe separation of powder into particle size fractions by means of an air stream of controlled velocity.atomization, nthe dispersion of a molten metal into particles by a r
12、apidly moving gas or liquid stream or by mechanical means.chemical deposition, nthe precipitation of one metal from a solution of its salts by the addition of another metal or reagent tothe solution.chemically precipitated metal powder, npowder produced by the reduction of a metal from a solution of
13、 its salts either by theaddition of another metal higher in the electromotive series or by other reducing agent.classification, nseparation of a powder into fractions according to particle size.disintegration, nthe reduction of massive material to powder.gas classification, nthe separation of powder
14、 into particle size fractions by means of a gas stream of controlled velocity.granulation, nthe production of coarse metal particles by pouring the molten metal through a screen into water (shotting) or byviolent agitation of the molten metal while solidifying.milling, nthe mechanical treatment of m
15、etal powder, or metal powder mixtures, as in a ball mill, to alter the size or shape ofthe individual particles or to coat one component of the mixture with another.pulverization, nthe reduction in particle size of metal powder by mechanical means, a specific type of disintegration.reduced metal pow
16、der, nmetal powder produced, without melting, by the chemical reduction of metal oxides or othercompounds.3.2.20 Types of Powder:atomized metal powder, nmetal powder produced by the dispersion of a molten metal by a rapidly moving gas, or liquid stream,or by mechanical dispersioncarbonyl powder, na
17、metal powder prepared by the thermal decomposition of a metal carbonylcomminuted powder, na powder produced by mechanical attrition of solid metal or powdercompletely alloyed powder, nsee pre-alloyed posite powder, na powder in which each particle consists of two or more distinct constituents.dendri
18、tic powder, nparticles, usually of electrolytic origin, having the typical pine tree structure.diffusion-alloyed powder, na partially alloyed powder produced by means of a diffusion anneal.electrolytic powder, npowder produced by electrolytic deposition or by the pulverization of an electrodeposit.h
19、ybrid-alloy powder, na pre-alloyed or diffusion-alloyed powder to which either elemental or master-alloy metal powders havebeen admixed.hydrogen-reduced powder, npowder produced by the reduction of a metal oxide in an atmosphere containing hydrogen.master-alloy powder, na pre-alloyed powder of high
20、concentration of alloy content designed to be diluted when mixed with abase powder to produce the desired composition.matrix metal, nthe continuous phase of a polyphase alloy or mechanical mixture; the physically continuous metallic constituentin which separate particles of another constituent are e
21、mbedded.mechanically alloyed powder, na composite powder produced by mechanically incorporating other constituents which aregenerally insoluble within the deformable particles of the matrix metal.B243 16a2mixed powder, nsee powder mixture.nanopowder, na powder consisting of particles typically less
22、than 100 nm in size.partially alloyed powder, na powder in which the alloy addition or additions are metallurgically bonded to an elemental orpre-alloyed powder.powder mixture, na powder made by mixing two or more powders of differing chemical composition, particle size distribution,particle shape,
23、or a combination of these characteristics.pre-alloyed powder, npowder composed of two or more elements that are alloyed in the powder manufacturing process in whichthe particles are of the same nominal composition throughout. Synonymous with completely alloyed powder.premix, na uniform mixture of in
24、gredients to a prescribed analysis, prepared by the powder producer, for direct use incompacting powder metallurgy products.sponge iron, na coherent, porous mass of substantially pure iron produced by solid-state reduction of iron oxide (for example,iron ore or mill scale).sponge iron powder, ngroun
25、d and sized sponge iron, which may have been purified or annealed or both.sponge metal, nany porous metal produced by the reduction or decomposition of a compound at temperature below the meltingpoint of the metal.sponge metal powder, na powder produced from a sponge metal by mechanical methods of s
26、ize reduction.3.2.44 Shapes of Powder Particles:acicular powder, nneedle-shaped particles.flake powder, nflat or scale-like particles whose thickness is small compared with the other dimensions.granular powder, nparticles having approximately equidimensional nonspherical shapes.irregular powder, npa
27、rticles lacking symmetry.needles, nelongated rod-like particles.nodular powder, nirregular particles having knotted, rounded, or similar shapes.platelet powder, na powder composed of flat particles having considerable thickness (as compared with flake powder).spherical powder, nglobular-shaped parti
28、cles.3.2.53 Additives to Powder:binder, na cementing medium; either a material added to the powder to increase the green strength of the compact, and whichis expelled during sintering; or a material (usually of relatively lower melting point) added to a powder mixture for the specificpurpose of ceme
29、nting together powder particles which alone would not sinter into a strong body.dispersion-strengthened material, na material consisting of a metal and finely dispersed, substantially insoluble, metallic ornonmetallic phase.lubricant, n material used to reduce inter-particle friction and the frictio
30、n between the powder mass and the tooling.lubricant (admixed), na lubricant incorporated into a powder mixture.lubricant (die-wall), na lubricant applied to the tooling surfaces to facilitate ease of movement of the tooling and the removalof the compact or part from the tooling.pore-forming material
31、, na substance included in a powder mixture that volatilizes during sintering and thereby produces adesired kind and degree of porosity in the finished compact.3.2.60 Treatment of Powder:blending, nthe thorough intermingling of powders of the same nominal composition (not to be confused with mixing)
32、.cross-product contamination, nthe unintentional mixing of powders with distinct differences in either physical characteristicsor chemical composition or both.equalizing, nsee blending.mixing, nthe thorough intermingling of powders of two or more materials.3.2.65 Properties of Powder:B243 16a3angle
33、of repose, nthe basal angle of a pile formed by powder when freely poured under specified conditions onto a horizontalsurface.apparent density, nthe mass of a unit volume of powder, usually expressed as grams per cubic centimetre, determined by aspecified method.bulk density, nthe mass per unit volu
34、me of a powder under nonstandard conditions, for example, in a shipping container (notto be confused with apparent density).compactibility, na conceptual term, encompassing the powder characteristics of compressibility, green strength, edge retention,and lamination tendency, that relates to the abil
35、ity of a powder to be consolidated into a usable green pressibility, nthe capacity of a metal powder to be densified under a uniaxially applied pressure in a closed die.DISCUSSIONCompressibility is measured in accordance with Test Method B331 and may be expressed numerically as the pressure to reach
36、 a specified density, oralternatively the density at a given pressure.2compression ratio, nthe ratio of the volume of the loose powder to the volume of the compact made from it. Synonymous withfill ratio.cut, nsee fraction.fill ratio, nsee compression ratio.fines, n the portion of a powder composed
37、of particles which are smaller than a specified size, currently less than 44 m. Seealso superfines.flow rate, nthe time required for a powder sample of standard weight to flow through an orifice in a standard instrumentaccording to a specified procedure.fraction, nthe portion of a powder sample that
38、 lies between two stated particle sizes. Synonymous with cut.green density, nthe mass per unit volume of an unsintered PM part or test specimen.hydrogen loss, nthe loss in weight of metal powder or of a compact caused by heating a representative sample for a specifiedtime and temperature in a purifi
39、ed hydrogen atmospherebroadly, a measure of the oxygen content of the sample when appliedto materials containing only such oxides as are reducible with hydrogen and no hydride-forming element.impregnateddensity, nthe mass per unit volume of a sintered PM part or test specimen, impregnated with oil o
40、r other lubricants.Synonymous with density (wet).minus sieve, nthe portion of a powder sample which passes through a standard sieve of specified number. (See plus sieve.)oversize powder, nparticles coarser than the maximum permitted by a given particle size specification.particle size, nthe controll
41、ing lineal dimension of an individual particle as determined by analysis with sieves or other suitablemeans.particle size distribution, nthe percentage by weight, or by number, of each fraction into which a powder sample has beenclassified with respect to sieve number or microns. (Preferred usage: “
42、particle size distribution by frequency.”)plus sieve, nthe portion of a powder sample retained on a standard sieve of specified number. (See minus sieve.)segregation, nthe separation of one or more constituents of a powder, for example, by particle size or chemical composition.sievefraction, nthat p
43、ortion of a powder sample that passes through a standard sieve of specified number and is retained by somefiner sieve of specified number.sintered density, nthe mass per unit volume of a sintered PM part or test specimen not impregnated with oil or other lubricant.Synonymous with density (dry).speci
44、fic surface, nthe surface area of one gram of powder, usually expressed in square centimetres.subsieve fraction, nthe portion of powder passing through a 45-m (no. 325) sieve.superfines, nthe portion of a powder composed of particles that are smaller than a specified size, currently less than 10 m.3
45、 See Test Method B331.B243 16a4tap density, nthe apparent density of the powder in a container that has been tapped under specified conditions.3.2.92 Procedures to Evaluate Powder:screen analysis, nsee sieve analysis.sieve analysis, nparticle size distribution; usually expressed as the weight percen
46、tage retained upon each of a series of standardsieves of decreasing size and the percentage passed by the sieve of finest size. Synonymous with screen analysis.sieve classification, nthe separation of powder into particle size ranges by the use of a series of graded sieves.3.2.96 Equipment to Evalua
47、te Powder:powder flow meter, nan instrument for measuring the rate of flow of a powder according to a specified procedure.3.3 Definitions: Forming Terms associated with consolidation of metal powders and mixes, including tooling, equipment, andcharacterization of sintered compacts.3.3.1 General:blan
48、k, na pressed, presintered, or fully sintered compact, usually in the unfinished condition, requiring cutting, machining, orsome other operation to give it its final shape.briquet, nsee pact, nan object produced by the compression of metal powder, generally while confined in a die, with or without t
49、heinclusion of nonmetallic constituents. Synonymous with posite compact, na metal powder compact consisting of two or more adhering layers, rings, or other shapes of differentmetals or alloys with each material retaining its original pound compact, na metal powder compact consisting of mixed metals, the particles of which are joined by pressing orsintering, or both, with each metal particle retaining substantially its orig
