1、Designation: B985 12 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Practice forSampling Aluminum Ingots, Billets, Castings and Finishedor Semi-Finished Wrought Aluminum Products forCompositional Analysis1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B985; the number immediately following the designation indicates
2、 the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes procedures for sampling
3、 un-wrought aluminum ingots, billets, castings and finished orsemi-finished wrought aluminum products to obtain a repre-sentative sample for determining chemical composition.1.1.1 Chemical compositions determined from samples ob-tained in accordance with this standard practice may differfrom the bul
4、k chemical composition determined from samplestaken when ingots or castings are poured. These differences canbe due to elemental segregation that occurs duringsolidification, procedures that remove enriched material (forexample, ingot scalping), or procedures that remove depletedareas (for example,
5、removal of the riser from a casting).1.1.2 Analysis of samples obtained from unwrought alumi-num ingots, billets, and castings and finished or semi-finishedwrought aluminum products can be used to determine if thepiece sampled meets The Aluminum Association, Inc. regis-tered chemical composition lim
6、its or other specified chemicalcomposition limits for the alloy. Analysis of such samples shallnot supersede the analysis of samples taken during pouring ofcastings or ingots in accordance with Practices E716 andanalyzed in accordance with Test Methods E34, E607, E1251,or EN 14242 and shall not be u
7、sed for determining compliancewith chemical composition requirements for an entire cast lotor part thereof.NOTE 1Pieces may include ingots, forgings, coils, sheets, extrusions,castings, and so forth. A single unwrought ingot or billet may producemultiple finished or semi-finished pieces.NOTE 2Certif
8、ication of entire cast lots should be determined usingsamples taken during pouring of castings or ingots in accordance withPractices E716 and analyzed in accordance with Test Methods E34, E607,E1251, or EN 14242.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded sep
9、arately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety conce
10、rns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B881 Terminology Relating to Aluminum- a
11、nd Magnesium-Alloy ProductsE34 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Aluminum andAluminum-Base AlloysE135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMetals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE607 Test Method for Atomic Emission SpectrometricAnalysis Aluminum Alloys by the Point to Plane Tech-nique Nit
12、rogen Atmosphere (Withdrawn 2011)3E716 Practices for Sampling and Sample Preparation ofAluminum and Aluminum Alloys for Determination ofChemical Composition by Spark Atomic Emission Spec-trometryE1251 Test Method for Analysis of Aluminum and Alumi-num Alloys by Spark Atomic Emission Spectrometry2.2
13、Other Standards:4EN 14242 Aluminum and Aluminum AlloyschemicalAnalysisinductively Coupled Plasma Optical EmissionSpectral Analysis3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this Standard, refer toTerminologies B881 and E135.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B07 on Li
14、ghtMetals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B07.05 onTesting.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originallyapproved in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as B985 12. DOI:10.1520/B0985-12R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
15、 website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from Europea
16、n Committee for Standardization, Central Secretariat(CEN), rue de Stassart 36, B1050 Brussels, Belgium. http:/www.cen.eu/esearch.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Summary of Practice4.1 The procedures described in thi
17、s practice involve thecutting and drilling of aluminum products to obtain samples forsubsequent chemical analysis in accordance with Test MethodsE34, E607, E1251, or EN 14242.5. Significance and Use5.1 Products covered by this practice are unwrought alumi-num ingots, billets, and castings and unclad
18、 wrought aluminumsheet, plate, rolled or cold finished extrusions, extrudedprofiles, wire, rod and bar. Machined wrought products (fin-ished or semi-finished) are excluded (see Note 3). Thesepractices, used in conjunction with the appropriate samplepreparation techniques in Practices E716 and the Te
19、st MethodsE34, E607, E1251, and EN 14242, are suitable to determine ifthe piece sampled meets the chemical composition limitsregistered with the Aluminum Association Inc.5or otherspecified chemical composition limits for the alloy. Analysis ofsuch samples shall not supersede the analysis of samples
20、takenduring pouring of castings or ingots in accordance withPractices E716 and analyzed in accordance with Test MethodsE34, E607, E1251, or EN 14242 and shall not be used fordetermining compliance with chemical composition require-ments for an entire cast lot or part thereof.NOTE 3Sampling machined
21、pieces of products pose a particularproblem because the piece itself may not be a representative sample of theoriginal cast chemical composition. Larger differences may be expectedbetween an analysis obtained from samples taken in accordance with thispractice and the original cast analysis of sample
22、s taken during pouring ofcastings or ingot.NOTE 4Portable Spark-AES and hand held XRF instruments shouldnot be used to determine if the piece sampled meets chemical compositionlimits registered with Aluminum Association Inc or other specifiedchemical composition limits for the alloy.5.2 Users should
23、 be aware that chemical compositionsdetermined using samples taken from unwrought aluminumingots, billets, and castings and finished or semi-finishedproducts might differ from the bulk chemical compositiondetermined using samples taken when ingots or castings arepoured. This difference can be due to
24、 elemental segregationupon solidification, sampling a non-homogenous section of theingot or billet, removal of enriched material, or depleted areasof solidified material by subsequent procedures such as ingotscalping, the removal of risers from castings, or machining.NOTE 5When aluminum solidifies,
25、macro-segregation may cause thechemical composition to vary throughout the ingot or casting. Certainareas may have enhanced or depleted concentrations of some elementsrelative to the average bulk chemical composition. Remnants of themacro-segregation may be retained in finished and semi-finished pro
26、ducts.The sampling procedures described in this practice are designed to providea laboratory sample for analysis which represents the chemical composi-tion of the piece by taking samples in a way that symmetrically includesthe various enhanced and depleted zones for example, sampling across theradiu
27、s of a round ingot, and so forth.6. Sampling and Handling Requirements Specific to EachAnalysis Method6.1 Sampling for the Analysis of Chips by Test Method E34or EN 14242:6.1.1 Chips that will be prepared as described in TestMethod E34 or EN 14242 can be obtained by drilling or cuttingand drilling a
28、t the locations specified in Section 7 for each typeof product. The chips should be uniformly small in size andfree from scale, dirt, oil, grease, and so forth.6.1.1.1 CleaningOil and grease may be removed from thechips by rinsing with alcohol then drying before taking thelaboratory sample. Scale an
29、d dirt may be removed by washingwith a detergent and water then rinsing with distilled de-ionized water and drying before taking the laboratory sample.Additional chemical cleaning such as soaking the chips in 1%(by volume) nitric acid may be necessary to remove embeddedcontaminants. Other cleaning p
30、rocedures may be used pro-vided they do not alter the chemical composition in any way.6.1.2 Use of a carbide or diamond tipped drill bit shouldprovide satisfactory samples. To obtain chips, use a drill bitbetween 10 mm 0.4 in. and 13 mm 0.5 in. in diameter. A25 mm 1 in. deep hole with a 10 mm 0.4 in
31、. bit typicallyproduces about 5 g 0.18 oz of sample. Drill enough holes tocollect at least 20 g 0.71 oz of chips. The initial chips from anexternal surface shall be discarded for any surface that iscontaminated; in other words, lubricants, surface conditioningmaterials, dirt, scale, and so forth. Th
32、e chips from all locationsshall be thoroughly mixed prior to taking the laboratory samplefor analysis.NOTE 6Using a drill bit made from bare HSS (high speed steel) maycontaminate the sample with iron.6.1.2.1 Other machining methods may be used provided thatcontamination-free chips are obtained from
33、the specified areaof the product being sampled. Products that are too thin to drillmay be sampled by clipping off small samples.6.2 Sampling for Remelt Analysis using Practices E716 inCombination with Test Method E1251:6.2.1 Samples that will be re-melted (see Notes 8 and 9)inaccordance with Practic
34、es E716 for subsequent elementalanalysis using Test Method E1251 should be obtained bycutting, (in other words, sawing, snipping, or shearing) at thelocations specified in Section 7 for each type of product.6.2.1.1 If it is not possible to obtain laboratory samples bycutting, laboratory samples may
35、be obtained by drilling andre-melting the chips. Due to the high surface area of chips, itmay be necessary to press the chips into solid pellets withsufficient pressure to compact the chips to reduce drossformation. Pressure of 140 MPa 20,000 psi has been shownto be adequate for compressing chips.6.
36、2.2 The amount of laboratory sample required depends onthe sampler type in use and the method used to preheat thesampler as required by E716. Preheating the sampler by takingand discarding a laboratory sample requires enough materialfor two laboratory samples. Preheating by other means requiresenoug
37、h material for one laboratory sample. The type B bookmolds and Alcoa vacuum samplers require approximately150 g 6 oz and 60 g 2.5 oz of metal per laboratory samplerespectively to completely fill the mold and sprue.NOTE 7A25 mm 1 in. cube of aluminum weighs approximately 45 g1.5 oz.5Available from Th
38、e Aluminum Association, Inc., 1400 Crystal Drive Suite 430Arlington, VA 22202, http:/www.aluminum.org.B985 12 (2016)26.2.3 If possible, combine all cut samples into a singlelaboratory sample in the remelt furnace. If the cut samples aretoo big for the remelt crucible, they may be cut into smallersiz
39、e samples or multiple laboratory samples may be analyzedseparately. When analyzed separately, the chemical composi-tion reported should be the average analysis determined frommultiple remelt and cast laboratory samples for each elementanalyzed.NOTE 8Remelting is not satisfactory for the determinatio
40、n of calcium,lithium, sodium, and strontium. These elements may be lost due tooxidation or volatilization, or both. Calcium, lithium, sodium, andstrontium should be analyzed according to Test Method E34 or EN 14242or by direct analysis on the surface of the original piece according to TestMethods E6
41、07 or E1251, and results reported as approximate.NOTE 9Because magnesium and zinc may be lost if the melt isoverheated or kept molten for an excessive time, the sample should be castas soon as possible after it reaches a temperature of 700C.6.2.4 Using a saw equipped with a carbide or diamondtipped
42、blade should provide satisfactory samples.NOTE 10The use of bare steel saw blades may contaminate the samplewith iron.6.2.4.1 CleaningOil and grease may be removed from thesamples by rinsing with alcohol then drying before taking thelaboratory sample. Scale and dirt may be removed by washingwith soa
43、p and water then rinsing with distilled de-ionized waterand drying before taking the laboratory sample. Additionalchemical cleaning such as soaking the samples in 1% (byvolume) nitric acid may be necessary to remove embeddedcontaminates. Other cleaning methods may be used providedthey do not alter t
44、he chemical composition in any way.(WarningChips and other cut samples must be dry beforemelting. Moisture captured in the material may cause it to ejectheated metal or molten material and cause injury!)7. Procedure for Obtaining Samples by Product Type7.1 Ingots and Billets, Round:7.1.1 Sampling a
45、Round Ingot by DrillingPrior to drilling,metal must be removed or cropped from the head and butt ofround ingots. For ingots 250 mm 10 in. or less in diameter,remove or crop at least 1.5 times the diameter from the headand butt of the ingot. For ingots greater than 250 mm 10 in.in diameter, remove or
46、 crop at least 380 mm 15 in. from thehead and butt of the ingot.7.1.1.1 Drill holes in both the front and rear of the ingot asdescribed below and shown in Fig. 1.7.1.1.2 Drill two holes near the outer edge approximately 5mm 0.2 in. away from the as-cast surface.7.1.1.3 Drill one hole near the center
47、.7.1.1.4 Drill three holes in the region approximately mid-way between the holes at the outer edge and the center.7.1.1.5 Drill holes at least 25 mm 1 in. into the face.Drillings from the front and rear of the ingot shall be treated asseparate laboratory samples and analyzed separately. Theresults m
48、ay be reported as individual samples or as the average.Both samples however, must be within the specification chemi-cal composition limits. The piece sampled does not meet thespecification chemical composition limits if one of the samplesis outside of the chemical composition limits; even if theaver
49、age is within the specification.7.1.1.6 If more drilling locations are required to make up therequired sample weight, repeat the above pattern. Drillingsfrom additional locations are to be combined with the otherdrillings from the head or butt locations shown in Fig. 1.7.1.2 Sampling a Billet by DrillingDrill holes in both thefront and rear of the billet as described below and shown inFig. 1.7.1.2.1 Drill two holes near the outer edge approximately5 mm 0.2 in. away from the as-cast surface.7.1.2.2 Drill one hole near the center.
