1、Designation: C 1167 03Standard Specification forClay Roof Tiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1167; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicate
2、s the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers clay tiles intended for use asroof covering where durability and appearance are required toprovide a weather-resistant surface of specifie
3、d design.1.2 Tiles are manufactured from clay, shale, or similarnaturally occurring earthy substances and subjected to heattreatment at elevated temperatures (firing). The heat treatmentmust develop a fired bond between the particulate constituentsto provide the strength and durability requirements
4、of thisspecification (see firing and fired bond in Terminology C 43).1.3 Tiles are shaped during manufacture by molding, press-ing, or extrusion and it is permitted to use the shaping methodto describe the tiles.1.4 Tiles are generally planar or undulating rectangularshapes available in a variety of
5、 cross-sectional profiles, shapes,sizes, surface textures, and colors.1.5 Three grades of tile having various degrees of resistanceto weathering are covered in this specification. Three types oftile are defined to cover the features that influence appearance.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units
6、 are to be regardedas the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products2C 67 Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay Tile2C 297 Test Method for Tensile Strength of Flat SandwichConstructions in Flatwise Plane3C 554 Test Method f
7、or Crazing Resistance of Fired GlazedCeramic Whitewares by a Thermal Shock Method43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to struc-tural clay products, and clay roof tiles, see Terminology C 43.4. Classification4.1 Clay roof tiles covered by this specification are classi-fied
8、by grade for durability and type for appearance as follows:4.1.1 Grades:4.1.1.1 Grade 1Providing resistance to severe frost ac-tion.4.1.1.2 Grade 2Providing resistance to moderate frostaction.4.1.1.3 Grade 3Providing negligible resistance to anyfrost action.4.1.1.4 Grades relate to exposure to weath
9、er as defined inTable 1.4.2 Types:4.2.1 Type IHigh-profile tilestiles having a rise-to-width ratio greater than 1:5.4.2.2 Type IILow-profile tilestiles having a rise-to-width ratio equal to, or less than 1:5.4.2.3 Type IIIAll other tiles, including flat.5. Material and Finish5.1 Colors and textures
10、produced by application of inor-ganic coatings to the faces of the tiles are not prohibitedprovided that evidence satisfactory to the purchaser is fur-nished regarding the durability of the coatings. Tiles that arecolored by flashing or textured by sanding, where the sand doesnot form a continuous c
11、oating, are not considered as surface-colored tiles for the purpose of this specification.NOTE 1When surface colored tiles (other than sanded or flashed) arespecified, data satisfactory to the purchaser shall be submitted showingthat after 50 cycles of freezing-thawing (5.2) there is no observabledi
12、fference in the applied finish when viewed from a distance of 40 ft (12m) under an illumination of not less than 50 fc (538 lm/m2) by an observerwith normal vision. It is not prohibited to present service records of theperformance of the particular coated tiles in appropriate locations in placeof th
13、e freezing and thawing test, with the consent of the purchaser.5.2 The tiles shall be free of defects, deficiencies, orbloating, that would interfere with the proper laying of the tiles,the performance of the roof, or the requirements of thisspecification.5.2.1 Tiles that, when broken, have a dark a
14、rea that has asteely appearance and is sharply delineated from the surround-ing normal color of tile are not prohibited. This dark area isknown as black heart or black core. Black heart is generally the1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units a
15、nd is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.06 on Roofing Tile.Current edition approved January 10, 2003. Published November 2003. Origi-nally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as C 1167 96.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.05.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15
16、.03.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.result of the reduction of iron minerals during the firingprocess. Its presence, regardless of the size in the tile thatotherwise meets the
17、 physical performance of this specification,shall not be cause for rejection.5.3 The exposed tile surface shall be free of chippage orother imperfections detracting from the appearance of thedesignated sample when viewed from a distance 40 ft (12 m)under an illumination of not less than 50 fc (538 l
18、m/m2)byanobserver with normal vision.5.4 Unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaserand the seller, a delivery of tiles shall contain not less than95 % whole tiles. In this specification, the term whole tilesshall be understood to mean tiles meeting the appearancerequirements of this specific
19、ation.5.5 After tiles are placed in usage, the manufacturer or hisagent shall not be held responsible for compliance of tiles withthe requirements of this specification for dimensional toler-ances, finish, texture, or color.6. Performance Requirements6.1 DurabilityThe tiles shall conform to the phys
20、icalrequirements for the Grade specified as prescribed in Table 2.Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, tiles of a higherGrade (greater weathering index) shall be accepted instead ofa lower Grade. The saturation coefficient requirement does notapply when the average cold water absorption of a
21、 randomsample of five tiles does not exceed 6 %, no more than one tileof the sample exceeds 6 % and its cold water absorption is lessthan 8 %. When Grade 3 tiles are used in regions where theweathering index is less than 50 (see Annex A1), unlessotherwise specified, the requirements for water absorp
22、tion andfor saturation coefficient shall not apply.NOTE 2Frost is of profound importance in mechanical weatheringwhere its effectiveness is dependent on the frequency of temperaturefluctuation across the freezing point in the presence of water. The abilityof a tile to resist failure in a wet and fre
23、ezing environment is, therefore, ofparamount importance. If a tile fails in such an environment, its use willresult in an unacceptable deterioration of appearance or more likely, a totalfailure to function (that is, protect the underlying structure from rain), orboth. Such a tile is completely unacc
24、eptable for use regardless of its otherproperties such as strength.NOTE 3The resistance of clay roof tiles to weathering cannot bepredicted with complete assurance using any of the physical testsprescribed. However, practical experience has demonstrated satisfactoryperformance of clay roof tiles, so
25、me for hundreds of years, and thisexperience forms the basis of the prescriptive requirements of Table 2.There is generally excellent correlation between field performance and therequirements. However, it is possible that some tiles that meet thisspecification are not suitable for severe climates. F
26、urthermore, it is alsopossible for other tiles that do not meet this specification to showacceptable serviceability in the most severe climates. The best indicationof clay roof tile durability is the service record of experience with thespecified product in the environment of its intended use.6.1.1
27、Measure the water absorption, and calculate the satu-ration coefficient, in accordance with Test Methods C 67. Thetest sample shall consist of five whole tiles.6.1.2 The physical requirements in Table 2 shall be achievedas a result of the firing process and associated thermal reactionswithin the til
28、e body (and glaze, if present) which includedevelopment of the fired bond, increase in density, increase instrength, and reduction in water absorption. Tiles shall notcomply with this specification if other processes, for example,immersion in solutions of organic materials to effect impreg-nation or
29、 surface sealing, are used to change the physicalproperties which result from the firing process. It is notprohibited to test tiles in accordance with this Specificationafter the impregnation and sealing materials are removed asprescribed in Test Methods C 67.6.2 Freezing and ThawingThe requirements
30、 specified in6.1 for water absorption (5-h boiling) and saturation coefficientshall not apply for all Grades provided that a sample of fivetiles, meeting all of the other requirements, experiences nobreakage, no crack development that exceeds the minimumdimension of the specimen, and not greater tha
31、n 0.5 % loss indry weight when subjected to 50 cycles of the freezing-and-thawing test of Test Methods C 67, modified in accordancewith 6.2.1.6.2.1 Modify Test Methods C 67, Section 8, as follows: Thetest sample shall consist of five whole tiles. The freezing traysand containers shall be of sufficie
32、nt size and depth to allow thetiles to be completely submerged in water when placedhorizontally. The tiles shall be completely submerged in waterwhen the trays are placed in the freezing chamber. It is notprohibited to test individual tile or to stack tile on top of eachother in the tray, provided t
33、hat spacers at least14 in. (6 mm)thick are used between adjacent tiles and that the total stack iscompletely submerged.NOTE 4A large capacity freezer is generally necessary to accomplishfreezing in the manner specified in Test Methods C 67 for trays containingmore than one tile. It is not prohibited
34、 to use custom trays to enclose thetile(s) and minimize the volume of water required to completely submergethe tile(s).6.2.2 A lot of tiles shall be given the Grade 1 rating withoutrepeating a freezing and thawing test provided that a previouslot made by the supplier from similar materials, by the s
35、ameprocess, at the same production plant, and within the previous12 months, had passed the test, and provided also that a sampleof five tiles selected from the lot has an average and individualminimum transverse strength not less than the previouslyTABLE 1 Grade Classification for Clay Roof TilesGra
36、de(All Types)Weathering Index (see Annex A1)1 500 and greater2 50to5003 less than 50TABLE 2 Physical RequirementsAbsorption RequirementsGradeCold Water AbsorptionMaximum PercentMaximum SaturationCoefficientAAverage ofFive TilesIndividualTileAverage ofFive TilesIndividualTile1 6 8 0.74 0.762 11 13 0.
37、80 0.823 13 15 0.84 0.86AThe saturation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by 24-h submersion in waterat a temperature of 75 6 10F (24 6 6C) to that after 5 h submersion in boilingwater.C1167032graded sample and has average and individual maximum waterabsorption and saturation coefficient not gr
38、eater than those ofthe previously graded sample.NOTE 5Unless specifically requested by the purchaser, the 50-cyclefreezing and thawing test is used only as an alternative when tiles do notconform to either Table 2 requirements for maximum water absorptionand saturation coefficient, or to the restric
39、tive absorption requirements in6.1.6.3 StrengthThe transverse breaking strength of tiles shallbe determined as described for the Flexure Test in TestMethods C 67 except as modified in 6.3.1 to 6.3.7.6.3.1 Five tiles shall be tested wet after a 24-h submersionin water at a temperature of 75 6 10F (24
40、 6 6C) or five tilesshall be tested dry after heating in a ventilated oven for 24 h ata temperature of 230 to 239F (110 to 115C).6.3.1.1 Tile shall be considered to comply with this speci-fication when they pass the requirement of either the wet or thedry transverse strength test. The choice of meth
41、od, wet or dry,shall be mutually agreed upon between specifier and supplier.6.3.2 The span chosen for the test shall be 12 in. (30.5 cm)6 5%or23 of the length of the tile, whichever is greater. Thespan is measured between the centers of the lower supportmembers (6.3.3 and Fig. 1).6.3.2.1 It is not p
42、rohibited to use a shorter span thanrequired by 6.3.2 when the length of the tile to be tested is notsufficient to allow a 12 in. (30.5 cm) span to be used. In thatcase, a shorter span, not less than two-thirds of the length of thetile, shall be used and the required minimum values in Table 3shall b
43、e increased proportionately to the reduction in span, thatis, multiplied by:12span used in.!(1)6.3.3 The tile shall be tested in a three-point bending modein a horizontal plane with the bottom surface of the tile restingon two lower support members and with the load being appliedto the upper (expose
44、d) surface of the tile by a third membermoving in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the tile andat mid-span (that is, equidistant from each of the lower supportmembers).6.3.4 The two support members and the loading membershall be of metal or hardwood with 1 in. (25 mm) 6 5 % widefaces. The f
45、aces shall be shaped (see Note 6) to closelyconform to the profile of the surface of the tile upon which theybear during the test (it is prohibited to use different profiles foreach member depending on the profile and cross-sectionalshape of the tile). The total height of the members shall not bemor
46、e than 1 in. (25 mm) greater than the rise of the tile profileand, if hardwood, they shall be backed up with steel bearingplates at least12 in. (13 mm) thick. A rubber shim strip316 in.NOTE 1See text for dimensions.FIG. 1 Schematic of Assembly for Flexure Strength TestingC1167033(4.8 mm) 6 10 % thic
47、k of hardness no greater than ShoreDurometer 30 (A scale), and 1 in. (25 mm) 6 5 % wide, shallbe placed between the faces of the support and loadingmembers and the surface of the tile. A schematic of theassembly for testing a typical “ S” tile is shown in Fig. 1.NOTE 6The intent of the defined loadi
48、ng system is (1) to apply thebending force with a loading member that pushes against as much of theprofiled surface of the tile as is practical, (2) to support the tile onmembers that support as much of the profiled surface of the tile as ispractical, and (3) to ensure that the contact area of both
49、the loading andsupport members be equally distributed on either side of the lengthcenterline on the tile to avoid non-symmetrical loading.For tile with complex profiles and cross-sections but with flat bearingsurfaces which are at least 50 % of the width of the tile and which are alsoequally distributed on either side of the length centerline it is notprohibited to use flat support and loading members to perform this testprovided that they otherwise comply with the requirements of 6.3.4, 6.3.5and 6.3.6. When sufficient flat bearing surface does not exist,
