1、Designation: C140/C140M 18Standard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and RelatedUnits1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C140/C140M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods provide
3、 various testing procedurescommonly used for evaluating characteristics of concretemasonry units and related concrete units. Methods are providedfor sampling, measurement of dimensions, compressivestrength, absorption, unit weight (density), moisture content,flexural load, and ballast weight. Not al
4、l methods are appli-cable to all unit types, however.1.2 Specific testing and reporting procedures are included inannexes to these test methods for the following specific unittypes:Annex A1Concrete masonry units (Specifications C90, C129)Annex A2Concrete and calcium silicate brick(Specifications C55
5、, C73, C1634)Annex A3Segmental retaining wall units (Specification C1372)Annex A4Concrete interlocking paving units(Specification C936/C936M)Annex A5Concrete grid paving units (Specification C1319)Annex A6Concrete roof pavers (Specification C1491)Annex A7Dry-cast articulating concrete block(Specific
6、ation D6684)1.3 The test procedures included in these test methods arealso applicable to other types of units not referenced in thesetest methods, but specific testing and reporting requirementsfor those units are not included.1.4 These test methods include the following sections:SectionScope 1Refer
7、enced Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4Sampling 5Measurement of Dimensions 6Compressive Strength 7SectionAbsorption 8Calculations 9Report 10Keywords 11AnnexesTest ProceduresConcrete Masonry Units Annex A1Concrete and Calcium Silicate Brick Annex A2Segmental RetainingWall UnitsAnnex A3Co
8、ncrete Interlocking Paving Units Annex A4Concrete Grid PavingUnitsAnnex A5Concrete Roof Pavers Annex A6Dry-Cast ArticulatingConcrete BlockAnnex A7Worksheet and Test Report forConcrete Masonry UnitsAppendix X1NOTE 1The testing laboratory performing these test methods shouldbe evaluated in accordance
9、with Practice C1093.1.5 The text of this test method references notes andfootnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes andfootnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not beconsidered as requirements of the standard.1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsar
10、e to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all
11、 of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in
12、 accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1These test methods are u
13、nder the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.03 on Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units.Current edition approved July 15, 2018. Published August 2018. Originallyapproved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 20
14、17 as C140 17b. DOI:10.1520/C0140_C0140M-18.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally r
15、ecognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C55 Specification
16、 for Concrete Building BrickC73 Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand-LimeBrick)C90 Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry UnitsC129 Specification for Nonloadbearing Concrete MasonryUnitsC143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-CementConcreteC936/C936M Specification for Solid C
17、oncrete InterlockingPaving UnitsC1093 Practice for Accreditation of Testing Agencies forMasonryC1232 Terminology for MasonryC1319 Specification for Concrete Grid Paving UnitsC1372 Specification for Dry-Cast Segmental Retaining WallUnitsC1491 Specification for Concrete Roof PaversC1552 Practice for C
18、apping Concrete Masonry Units, Re-lated Units and Masonry Prisms for Compression TestingC1634 Specification for Concrete Facing BrickC1716 Specification for Compression Testing Machine Re-quirements for Concrete Masonry Units, Related Units,and PrismsD6684 Specification for Materials and Manufacture
19、 of Ar-ticulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment SystemsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing2.2 Other Documents:SP 960-12 NIST Recommended Practice Guide Stopwatchand Timer Calibration33. Terminology3.1 Terminology defined in
20、 Terminologies C1232 and E6shall apply for these test methods.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 lot, nany number of concrete masonry units orrelated units, designated by the producer, of any configurationor dimension manufactured by the producer using the samematerials, concre
21、te mix design, manufacturing process, andcuring method.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods provide general testing requirementsfor application to a broad range of concrete products. Thosegeneral testing requirements are included in the body of thisstandard.NOTE 2Consult manufacturer, suppl
22、ier, product specifications, orother resources for more specific measurement or testing guidelines forthose products not addressed with the annex of this standard.4.2 These test methods provide specific testing requirementsin two distinct sections, the requirements applicable to all unitscovered by
23、these test methods and those applicable to thespecific unit types. The requirements applicable to all units areincluded in the body of these test methods and those applicableto the specific unit types are included within the annexes.5. Sampling5.1 Selection of Test Specimens:5.1.1 For purposes of te
24、sting, full-sized units shall beselected by the purchaser or authorized representative. Theselected specimens shall be of similar configuration anddimensions. Specimens shall be representative of the whole lotof units from which they are selected.5.2 Number of Specimens:5.2.1 Unless specified otherw
25、ise in the applicable annex, aset of units shall consist of six full-size units.5.3 Remove loose material from the specimens (includingthe cores) prior to determining the received weight.NOTE 3An abrasive stone or wire brush is typically used to removeloose material.5.4 IdentificationMark each speci
26、men so that it may beidentified at any time. Markings shall cover not more than 5 %of the surface area of the specimen.5.5 Received WeightWeigh each specimen immediatelyafter sampling and marking, and record as wr(receivedweight). Record time and place wrwas measured.NOTE 4Received weights often hav
27、e direct relationships with otherunit properties and are therefore a useful method of evaluating results orfor sorting purposes. The weight of a concrete masonry unit and relatedunit changes with time and exposure conditions, primarily as a result ofthe moisture within the unit. Therefore, to unders
28、tand the context of areceived weight value, it is also important to understand the point in timeand the frame of reference when that weight was determined. “Time andplace” should not refer to when and where the unit was sampled but whenand where the received weights were determined. In addition to d
29、ate andtime references, it is also important to know if those weights weredetermined after units reached equilibrium with lab environment, orbefore units were shipped, or after delivery to the job site, and so forth.6. Measurement of Dimensions6.1 Apparatus:6.1.1 Measurement DevicesDevices used to m
30、easurespecimen dimensions shall have divisions not greater than0.1 in. 2.5 mm when the dimension is to be reported to thenearest 0.1 in. 2.5 mm and not greater than 0.01 in.0.25 mm when the dimension is to be reported to the nearest0.01 in. 0.25 mm.6.1.2 Measuring devices shall be readable and accur
31、ate tothe division required to be reported. Accuracy shall be verifiedat least once annually. Verification record shall include date ofverification, person or agency performing verification, identi-fication of reference standard used, test points used duringverification, and readings at test points.
32、6.2 SpecimensThree full-size units shall be selected formeasurement of dimensions.6.3 MeasurementsMeasure specimens in accordance withthe applicable annex of this standard. For those products not2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at
33、serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available at http:/tf.nist.gov/general/pdf/2281.pdfC140/C140M 182covered by the annexes of this standard, measure overalldimensions (width, height, length) in at lea
34、st two locations onopposite sides of the specimen to the nearest division requiredto be reported. Document location of each measurement on asketch or photograph of the specimen.NOTE 5Specimens used for measurement of dimensions may be usedin other tests.NOTE 6Calipers, micrometers, and steel scales
35、and dividers of theappropriate accuracy and readability have been shown to be adequate forthese measurements.7. Compressive Strength7.1 Test ApparatusThe compressive strength testing ma-chine shall conform to Specification C1716.NOTE 7Previous versions of this standard have contained specificrequire
36、ments for compressive strength test machines. These requirementshave been replaced with reference to Specification C1716.7.2 Test Specimens:7.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex,test three specimens in compression.7.2.2 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex,specimens
37、shall be full-sized units except when the unitscannot be tested full-size due to specimen configuration ortesting machine requirements. In these cases, reduce thespecimen size in accordance with Annex A1.7.2.3 After delivery to the laboratory, store compressionspecimens (unstacked and separated by n
38、ot less than 0.5 in.13 mm on all sides) continuously in air at a temperature of75 6 15F 24 6 8C and a relative humidity of less than80 % for not less than 48 h. Alternatively, if compressionresults are required sooner, store units unstacked in the sameenvironment described above with a current of ai
39、r from anelectric fan passing over them for a period of not less than 4 h.Continue passing air over the specimens until two successiveweighings at intervals of 2 h show an increment of loss notgreater than 0.2 % of the previously determined weight of thespecimen and until no moisture or dampness is
40、visible on anysurface of the unit. Specimens shall not be subjected tooven-drying.NOTE 8In this test method, net area (other than certain solid units, see9.5) is determined from specimens other than those subjected to compres-sion testing. The compressive strength method is based on the assumptionth
41、at units used for determining net volume (absorption specimens) havethe same net volume as units used for compression testing. Sampled splitface units, which have irregular surfaces, should be divided at the timethey are sampled from the lot, such that the absorption test specimens havea net volume
42、that is visually representative and a weight that isrepresentative of the compression test specimens.7.2.4 Where saw-cutting of test specimens is allowed orrequired by the standard or applicable annex, sawing shall beperformed in an accurate, competent manner, subjecting thespecimen to as little saw
43、 vibration as possible. Use a diamondsaw blade of proper hardness. Following cutting, residue fromthe cutting operation shall be removed prior to continuingtesting (see Note 9). If the specimen is wetted during sawing,allow the specimen to dry to equilibrium with laboratory airconditions before test
44、ing, using the procedures outlined in7.2.3.NOTE 9For specimens cut with a wet saw, rinsing with clean water istypically sufficient for removing cutting residue. For specimens cut with adry saw, brushing with a soft-bristle brush is typically sufficient forremoving cutting residue.7.2.5 If compressio
45、n test specimens have been saw-cut fromfull-sized units and the net area of the compression testspecimens can not be determined by 9.5.1, saw-cut an addi-tional three units to the dimensions and configuration of thethree compression test specimens. The average net area for thesaw-cut compression spe
46、cimens shall be taken as the averagenet area of the additional three saw-cut units calculated asrequired in 9.5. Calculated net volumes of saw-cut specimensshall not be used in calculating equivalent thickness.7.3 CappingCap test specimens in accordance with Prac-tice C1552.7.4 Compression Testing P
47、rocedure:7.4.1 Position of SpecimensTest specimens with the cen-troid of their bearing surfaces aligned vertically with the centerof thrust of the spherically seated steel bearing block of thetesting machine (Note 10). Except for special units intended foruse with their cores in a horizontal directi
48、on, test all hollowconcrete masonry units with their cores in a vertical direction.Test masonry units that are 100 % solid and special hollowunits intended for use with their hollow cores in a horizontaldirection in the same direction as in service. Prior to testingeach unit, ensure that the upper p
49、laten moves freely within itsspherical seat to attain uniform seating during testing.NOTE 10For those masonry units that are symmetrical about an axis,the location of that axis can be determined geometrically by dividing thedimension perpendicular to that axis (but in the same plane) by two. Forthose masonry units that are nonsymmetrical about an axis, the location ofthat axis can be determined by balancing the masonry unit on a knife edgeor a metal rod placed parallel to that axis. If a metal rod is used, the rodshall be straight, cylindr
