1、Designation: C1417M 11Standard Specification forManufacture of Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain,and Culvert Pipe for Direct Design (Metric)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1417M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and accep-tance of precast concrete pipe
3、designed to conform to theowners design requirements and to the ASCE 15 or anequivalent design specification.NOTE 1The section on evaluation of core test results (14.3.3) and theAppendix are currently being reballoted.1.2 This specification is the SI companion to SpecificationC1417.2. Referenced Doc
4、uments2.1 ASTM Standards:2A615/A615M Specification for Deformed and PlainCarbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA706/A706M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformedand Plain Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA1064/A1064M Specification for Steel Wire and WeldedWire Reinforcement, Plain and Deforme
5、d, for ConcreteC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC76 Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, StormDrain, and Sewer PipeC150 Specification for Portland CementC260 Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Con-creteC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC497 Te
6、st Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, orTileC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC655 Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-Load Cul-vert, Storm Drain, and Sewer PipeC822 Terminology Rel
7、ating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concreteand MortarsC1017/C1017M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forUse in Producing Flowing Concrete2.2 Other Standards:ASCE 15 Standard Practice for the Direct Design of BuriedPrecast Reinforced Concrete P
8、ipe Using Standard Instal-lations (SIDD)3ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Con-crete43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, seeTerminology C822.3.1.2 group of pipe sectionseach days production run ofpipe sections of a single concrete s
9、trength for a specific project.3.1.3 lot of pipe sectionstotal of the number of groups ofpipe sections of a single concrete strength produced for aspecific project.3.1.4 running averageaverage concrete compressivestrength of all groups of pipe sections of a single concretestrength produced for a spe
10、cific project, generally determinedas each group is tested.4. Basis of Acceptance of Design4.1 Manufacturing Design DataThe manufacturer shallsubmit the following manufacturing design data for the con-crete pipe to the owner for approval.4.1.1 Pipe wall thickness.4.1.2 Concrete strength.4.1.3 Reinfo
11、rcement:4.1.3.1 Specification,4.1.3.2 Reinforcement Type 1, 2, or 3, where:Type 1: Smooth wire or plain barsType 2: Welded smooth wire reinforcement, 200 mm maximumspacing of longitudinals1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibi
12、lity of Subcommittee C13.05 on SpecialProjects.Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C1417M 08. DOI:10.1520/C1417M-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custo
13、mer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 AlexanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.4Available from American Concr
14、ete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.aci-int.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Type 3: Welded deformed wire reinforcement, deformed wire, de-formed bars, or any reinforcement
15、 with stirrups, anchoredthereto4.1.3.3 Design yield strength,4.1.3.4 Placement and design concrete cover,4.1.3.5 Cross-sectional diameters,4.1.3.6 Spacing,4.1.3.7 Cross-sectional area,4.1.3.8 Description of longitudinal members, and4.1.3.9 If stirrups are used, developable stirrup designstress, stir
16、rup shape, placement, and anchorage details.4.1.4 Design factors and the assumed orientation angle.4.1.5 Pipe laying length and joint information.4.2 Approval of the manufacturing design data shall bebased on its conformance to the owners design requirementsand to ASCE 15 or to an equivalent design
17、specification.5. Basis of Acceptance of Concrete Pipe5.1 Acceptance of pipe shall be on the basis of concretecompression tests, materials tests, conformance to the manu-facturing design data, conformance to this specification, andinspection of manufactured pipe for defects.5.2 When mutually agreed i
18、n writing by the owner and themanufacturer, a certification may be made the basis of accep-tance of the concrete pipe. This certification shall consist of astatement by the manufacturer that the concrete pipe conformsto the manufacturing design data and to this specification, andthat the concrete an
19、d materials have been sampled and testedand conform to this specification.5.3 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance when they conform to the requirements of thisspecification.6. Material6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shallconsist of cementitious materials; mi
20、neral aggregates; admix-tures, if used; and water in which steel has been embedded insuch a manner that the steel and concrete act together.6.2 Cementitious Material:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag c
21、ement or portland-pozzolan cement con-forming to the requirements of Specification C595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland-pozzolancement shall be fly ash.6.2.2 Slag CementSlag cement shall conform to therequirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specification C989.6.2.3 Fly AshFl
22、y ash shall conform to the requirements ofSpecification C618, Class F or Class C.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the concreteshall be one of the following:6.2.4.1 Portland cement only.6.2.4.2 Portland blast-furnace slag cement o
23、nly.6.2.4.3 Portland-pozzolan cement only.6.2.4.4 A combination of portland cement and slag cement.6.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement and fly ash, or6.2.4.6 A combination of portland cement, slag cement (notto exceed 25 % of the total cementitious weight), and fly ash(not to exceed 25 % of the
24、 total cementitious weight).6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the require-ments of Specification C33, except that the requirement forgradation shall not apply.6.4 AdmixturesThe following admixtures and blends areallowable:6.4.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to SpecificationC260;6.4.2 C
25、hemical admixture conforming to SpecificationC494/C494M;6.4.3 Chemical admixture for use in producing flowingconcrete conforming to Specification C1017/C1017M; and6.4.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the owner.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwire and welded wire conform
26、ing to Specification A1064/A1064M; or of bars conforming to Specifications A615/A615M, Grade 40 or 60, or A706/A706M, Grade 60.7. Joints7.1 The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concretepipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laidtogether to make a continuous line of pip
27、e, compatible with thepermissible variations given in Section 15.8. Manufacture8.1 ConcreteThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, pro-portioned, and mixed with cementitious material and water andadmixtures, if any, to produce a homogeneous concrete mixtureof such quality that the pipe will conform t
28、o the designrequirements of this specification. The water-cementitiousmaterial ratio of all concrete shall be 0.53, or less, by weight.Minimum concrete strength shall be 27.6 MPa.8.2 FinishPipe shall be substantially free of fractures,large or deep cracks, and surface roughness. The ends of thepipe
29、shall be normal to walls and center line of the pipe, withinthe limits of variations given in Section 15.9. Circumferential Reinforcement9.1 A line of circumferential reinforcement for any giventotal area may be composed of up to two layers for pipe withwall thicknesses of less than 180 mm or three
30、layers for pipewith wall thickness of 180 mm or greater. The layers shall notbe separated by more than the thickness of one longitudinalplus 6 mm. The multiple layers shall be fastened together toform a single cage. If the multiple layers of a cage containcircumferential splices, the individual laye
31、rs shall be rotated sothat the splices are staggered. All other specification require-ments, such as laps, welds, tolerances of placement in the wallof the pipe, and so forth, shall apply to this method offabricating a line of reinforcement. The design shall be basedon the centroid of the layers.9.2
32、 Reinforcement placement and concrete cover shall con-form to the approved manufacturing data. The nominal con-crete cover over the circumferential reinforcement shall not beless than be 25 mm in pipe having a wall thickness of 63 mmor greater, and shall not be less than 19 mm in pipe having aC1417M
33、 112wall thickness of less than 63 mm. The location of thereinforcement shall be subject to the permissible variations indimensions given in Section 15. Requirements for placementand protective covering of the concrete from the inner or outersurface of the pipe do not apply to that portion of a cage
34、 thatis flared so as to extend into the bell or reduced in diameter soas to extend into the spigot.9.3 Where the wall reinforcement does not extend into thejoint area, the maximum longitudinal distance to the lastcircumferential from the inside shoulder of the bell or theshoulder of the spigot shall
35、 be 75 mm, except that if thisdistance exceeds one half of the wall thickness, the pipe wallshall contain at least a total reinforcement area of the minimumspecified area per linear metre times the laying length of thepipe section. The minimum cover on the last circumferentialnear the spigot shoulde
36、r shall be 13 mm.9.4 Where reinforcement is in the bell or spigot, theminimum end-cover on the last circumferential shall be 13 mmin the bell or 6 mm in the spigot.9.5 The continuity of the circumferential reinforcing steelshall be maintained during the manufacture of the pipe, exceptwhen, as agreed
37、 upon by the owner, lift eyes or holes areprovided in each pipe or the pipe is converted into a manholetee.10. Welds, Splices, and Development of CircumferentialReinforcement10.1 General:10.1.1 When pipe are not marked to show a specificorientation in the ground, any weld to, or splice of, a circum-
38、ferential shall be considered to be at the point of the maximumflexural stress.10.1.2 When pipe are marked to show a specific orientationin the ground, any weld to, or splice of, a circumferential shallbe considered to be at a distance determined by the orientationangle closer to the point of maximu
39、m flexural stress than themarking indicates.10.1.3 Splices of smooth and deformed wire shall be weldedand shall meet the requirements of 10.3 and 10.4.10.2 Notation:Awa= actual steel area of the individual circumferentialwire, mm2.Awr= steel area required for the individual circumferentialwire for f
40、lexure, mm2, either at the splice, forsplices, or at the point of maximum moment, forquadrant mat reinforcement.db= diameter of reinforcing wire or bar, mm.flc= design compressive strength of concrete, MPa.fy= design yield strength of reinforcement, MPa.Fw= embedded weld factor (see 10.4.3).Ld= deve
41、lopment length of reinforcing wire or bar, mm.Pt= pull test strength of wire or bar at break, N.s = spacing of wire to be developed or spliced, mm.10.3 Welds:10.3.1 For butt splices of circumferentials or where weldsare made to circumferentials, pull tests of representativespecimens of the circumfer
42、ential across the finished weld shalldemonstrate a strength of no less than 1.1 times the designyield strength of the circumferential except as provided in 10.4.10.3.2 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailedanalysis may be made and the requirements of this section usedinstead of 10.3.1. F
43、or butt splices of circumferentials or wherewelds are made to circumferentials, pull tests, Pt, of represen-tative specimens of the circumferential across the finished weldshall demonstrate a strength of no less than:Pt5 1.1 Awrfy(1)or no less than:Pt5 0.5 Awafy(2)whichever is greater.10.4 Lapped Sp
44、lices of Circumferential Reinforcement:10.4.1 Where lapped circumferentials are spliced by weld-ing, they shall be lapped no less than 50 mm. Pull tests ofrepresentative specimens shall develop no less than 0.9 timesdesign yield strength of the circumferential.10.4.2 At the option of the manufacture
45、r, a more detailedanalysis may be made and the requirements of 10.4.2 and10.4.3 used instead of 10.4.1. Where lapped circumferentialsare spliced by welding, they shall be lapped no less than 50mm. Pull tests, Pt, of representative specimens shall develop noless than:Pt5 FwAwrfy(3)or not less than th
46、e strength required by Eq 2, whichever isthe greater.10.4.3 The embedded weld factor, Fw, relates the pull teststrength of the non-embedded splice specimens to the strengthof the splice embedded in the concrete of the pipe wall.10.4.3.1 If the pull test break is in the wire, Fwshall be takenas 0.90.
47、10.4.3.2 If the pull test break is in the weld, Fwshall betaken as 0.70.10.4.4 If lapped splices of circumferentials consisting ofdeformed bars #19 or less are not welded, they shall be lappednot less than Ld, where:Ld5dbfyAwr2.74 =flcAwa(4)or not less than:db5fy5.48 = flc(5)whichever is greater. Sp
48、lices of larger than #19 bars shallmeet the requirements of ACI 318.10.4.5 If lapped splices of circumferentials consisting ofwelded smooth wire reinforcement or welded deformed wirereinforcement are not welded, the overlap measured betweenthe outermost longitudinals on each side of the splice shall
49、 beno less than the spacing of the longitudinals plus 25 mm, or Ld,where:Ld5 3.25Awrfys =flc(6)whichever is greater.10.4.6 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailedanalysis may be made and the following exception to theC1417M 113requirements of 10.4.5 may be applied. If the area of circum-ferential reinforcement is at least twice that required forflexure, the first requirement of 10.4.5 shall not apply. Theoverlap measured between the outermost longitudinals on eachside of the splice shall be no less than that required by Eq 6, or25 mm, whichever is g
