1、Designation: C 1446 07Standard Test Method forMeasuring Consistency of Self-Flowing CastableRefractories1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1446; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the con-sistency (degree of self-flow) and working time of self-flowingcastabl
3、e refractories. This test may optionally be used todetermine working time of self-flowing castables.1.2 The values stated in inch-lb. units are to be regarded asthe standard. The values given in parentheses are for informa-tion only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety conc
4、erns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 71 Terminology Relating to Refractori
5、esC 230/C 230M Specification for Flow Table for Use in Testsof Hydraulic CementC 860 Practice for Determining the Consistency of Refrac-tory Castable Using the Ball-In-Hand TestC 862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Speci-mens by CastingC 1445 Test Method for Measuring Consistency of Casta
6、bleRefractory Using a Flow Table3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 consistency of self-flowing castable refractoriesthedegree of mobility (self-flow) of the refractory castable underits own weight as described in this test method at the specifiedtimes after adding
7、 liquid to the mixer.3.1.2 working time of self-flowing castable refractoriesthe elapsed time from the first addition of liquid during mixinguntil the mix will only achieve 25 % self-flow using theprocedure described in this test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The castable refractory is mixed w
8、ith a tempering liquidand the percentage of self-flow is measured. Self-flow is thepercent increase in the diameter of the sample after removingthe Specification C 230 cone mold and allowing the specimento flow (spread) under it own weight for 120 s. The consistencyis measured 10 min after water add
9、ition. Working time mayoptionally be determined by repeating the self flow test atregular time intervals.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to measure the consistency(degree of self-flow) that a castable refractory demonstrates ata given level of tempering liquid at specified time i
10、ntervalsafter the liquid is added. A self-flow of 25 % has been selectedas the minimum at which a mix can be poured into typicalmolds or forms in normal practice.5.2 Castable refractories which are self-flowing at one levelof tempering liquid will require vibration for placement atsome lower level o
11、f tempering liquid. At the tempering liquidlevels which require vibration or tamping for placement, thecastable refractory should be characterized using test methodswhich are appropriate for castable refractories designed forvibration placement, such as Test Method C 1445.5.3 This test method is not
12、 appropriate for determining thepumpability of castable refractories.6. Interferences (Factors Known to Affect Results)6.1 During method development, a ruggedness evaluationwas performed using a castable comprised of 5 % cement,17 % reactive alumina, and 78 % tabular alumina. Severalfactors were fou
13、nd to cause statistically significant effects onthe measured results. See ASTM Research Report No.C081016.6.1.1 Amount of Mixing LiquidThe amount of mixingliquid affects the measured results for typical self-flowingcastable refractories unless added by weight to within 6 0.0021This test method is un
14、der the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolith-ics.Current edition approved March 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1999. Previous edition approved in 1999 as C 1446 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, v
15、isit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428
16、-2959, United States.lb (6 1 g) of the target weight for a 16.52lb (7500-g) sampleweight. The target liquid level is a percentage of the dry weightof the batch.6.1.2 TemperatureDuring ruggedness testing the effect oftemperature was evaluated. The test mix, tempering liquid, androom temperature were
17、controlled to the same targets. Whenthe temperature was raised by 3.5F (70.3 to 73.8F) workingtime was found to be reduced by an average of 10 min. Whilethe degree of this effect may be castable-formulation-dependent, it is accepted that temperature will affect theworking time for all typical self-f
18、lowing castables.6.1.3 Mold Filling LevelDuring ruggedness testing it wasfound that filling the mold to a level of132 in. below the top ofthe mold reduced the measured flow at 10 min after addingliquid to the mixer by approximately 5.5 % for a mix with anaverage flow of approximately 115 % at this e
19、lapsed time.6.1.4 Mold Lifting TechniqueDuring ruggedness testing itwas found that the technique for lifting the mold from thesample affected the results. The techniques compared werelifting the mold straight up and twisting the mold approxi-mately 45 as it was lifted off the sample. Twisting the mo
20、ldwhile lifting resulted in an appropriate 4.5 % increase in themeasured self-flow at 10 min after adding liquid to the mixer.6.2 Factors which were found to be rugged during methoddevelopment for percentage self-flow at 10 min after addingtempering liquid to the mixer were (1) ambient temperaturewh
21、en varied from 70F to 74F, (2) tempering liquid whenvaried by 0.1 %, (3) holding time from filling the mold tolifting the mold when varied from 20 to 60 s, and (4)lubricating the flow surface and wiping clean prior to placingthe specimen on the flow surface as compared to no lubricationon a clean me
22、tal surface.6.3 Factors which were found to be rugged during methoddevelopment for working time were (1) holding time fromfilling the mold to lifting the mold when varied from 20 to 60s, (2) lubricating the flow surface and wiping clean prior toplacing the specimen on the flow surface as compared to
23、 nolubrication on a clean metal surface, (3) returning the castableto the storage container after each flow measurement whencompared to discarding the castable used for each flowmeasurement, and (4) storing the castable in a covered mixingbowl when compared to storing in a sealed container.7. Appara
24、tus7.1 Cone MoldThe mold used to form the specimen is inaccordance with Specification C 230.7.2 Measuring CaliperEither a caliper in accordance withSpecification C 230 which reads directly in percent flow or astandard caliper that can be read to within 6 0.004 in. (60.1-mm) accuracy can be used7.3 F
25、low SurfaceA metal plate shall be used as the flowsurface for the sample. It shall be thick enough to remain flatin use,18-in. thickness is recommended. The surface shall belevel and confirmed with a leveling device. It shall have asmooth mill finish with any minor imperfections groundsmooth. The su
26、rface shall not have any circumferential mark-ings, either permanent or temporary. Radial lines scribedlightly at 45 intervals are recommended to aid in measuringthe sample after flow. The surface must be kept clean and freefrom oxidation. A galvanized or stainless steel or other non-oxidizing metal
27、 is recommended. If the flow surface is anoxidizing metal, a lightweight oil can be used to preventoxidation. The surface must be wiped clean prior to use with anabsorbent cloth or clean sponge.7.4 Mixed Castable Storage ContainerThe mixedcastable may either be stored in the mixer bowl between flowi
28、ntervals or transferred to a container for storage. Independentof the storage container used, it must be sealed airtight toprevent evaporation and must be constructed of a nonporousmaterial. The container size should minimize the air spacevolume above the stored mixed castable. No more than doubleth
29、e volume of the stored castable is recommended.7.5 Castable MixerThe castable mixing equipment shallbe in accordance with Practice C 862. Care must be exercisedto ensure the appropriate size mixing bowl is chosen. Amotor-driven mixer is highly recommended as many self-flowing castable refractories r
30、equire high-energy mixing toachieve their self-flowing consistency at the specified liquidlevels.7.6 Stopwatch/Timer, capable of being read to 1 s.7.7 Balance, accurate to 0.002 lb (1 g).7.8 Light Mold Release Oil or Vegetable Oil Cooking Spray.7.9 Absorbent Cloth or Clean Sponge.8. Procedure8.1 All
31、 times, amounts, and conditions are to be in accor-dance with this practice unless others are specified by thecastable manufacturer/mix provider. Any deviations will beincluded in the test report, see Section 10.8.2 Ensure all materials and testing equipment that come incontact with the castable are
32、 within 2F (1C) of the ambienttemperature. During the test, the ambient temperature shouldnot be allowed to change more than 2F. (see 6.1.2). Wheneverpossible, the ambient temperature during the test should be inthe 68 to 75F (20 to 24C) range. Record the actual ambient,dry castable, and mixing liqu
33、id temperatures.8.3 Ensure all equipment is clean and dry. Remove anyoxidation from the flow plate; lightly lubricate and wipe dry theflow plate and flow mold. Lubricate with a light lubricating oilor a vegetable oil cooking spray. No further lubrication of theflow plate shall be done until the test
34、ing is completed for theday.8.4 Weigh out the mixing liquid to within 60.002 lb (6 1g)of that specified (see 6.1.1).8.5 Dry mix the batch for 30 s.8.6 Start the timer/stopwatch and add all mixing liquidwithin 10 s while the mixer is running. Use care that none ofthe liquid or dry mix is lost. Mixing
35、 time and speed shall be asrecommended by the refractory manufacturer. After 1 min ofwet mixing, stop the mixer, check for dry material in thebottom of the bowl, stir in any dry material by hand if needed,and resume mixing.8.7 At the end of wet mixing, place the mixed castablesample in the storage c
36、ontainer and measure the castabletemperature. The mixed castable may be stored in either themixer bowl or another container. The mixed castable samplemust be protected from moisture loss by sealing the storagecontainer. See 7.4.C14460728.8 Approximately 1 min prior to each self-flow determina-tion,
37、place the cone mold on the center of the flow plate withthe large end down. Hand-mix the stored castable samplelightly with a spatula and pour into the mold. Do not vibrate thematerial into the mold. The mold must be filled flush with thetop. Either overfilling or underfilling will affect the percen
38、tflow results (see 6.1.3). If any material is spilled onto the flowplate, clean and wipe the plate dry.8.9 At the scheduled time, lift the mold from the specimenusing care not to twist or pull the mold to the side (see 6.1.4).Wipe any castable adhering to the mold with a finger and placeit gently in
39、 the middle of the sample. Lightly lubricating thecone with a lightweight oil will prevent material from adheringto the mold. Rubber or latex gloves should be worn whenhandling the castable to minimize the loss of fines whichadhere to hands. Record the actual stored castable temperature.8.10 Allow t
40、he specimen to flow for 60 s then measure andrecord the sample patty diameter or the percentage self-flow(see 8.11). The flow should be measured quickly as self-flowwith some castables may still be proceeding. Measure the flow10 min after the water addition.8.11 Measure the diameter of the specimen
41、at 4 placesapproximately 45 apart. If there are localized irregularities inthe specimen diameter, the measurement may be taken in anadjacent area which better represents the average flow diam-eter. If the Specification C 230 caliper is used for measurement,record the four individual readings. The su
42、m of the fourindividual readings is the percent flow. If a standard caliper isused, record the four individual measurements. Calculate andrecord the average diameter from the 4 measurements (see 9.1).8.12 As soon as the flow readings are recorded, return thecastable to the storage container and mix
43、into the remainingcastable sample with a spatula. Wash the flow plate clean andwipe dry.8.13 If working time is desired measure flow at 20 and 30min after liquid addition to the mixer and then every 15 min.Continue running and recording the remaining self-flow checks(see 8.10) until the result is fo
44、und to be less than 25 %self-flow. Dispose of the castable and clean all equipment.8.14 If appropriate, lightly lubricate the flow surface toprevent oxidation.9. Calculation9.1 Percentage Self-FlowWhen a standard caliper is usedto measure the sample patty, use the following formula tocalculate perce
45、nt self-flow.DF = final average diameterDi = initial diameter (4 in. for theSpecification C 230 mold)Percent self flow 5 Df2 Di#* 100/Di(1)5 Df2 4* 100/4 (2)9.2 Optional Working Time CalculationPlot the percent-age self-flow as the y scale on graph paper versus the elapsedtime after adding liquid to
46、 the mixer as the x scale. Both the yand the x scales are linear. Connect each of the sequentialpoints on the time scale with a straight line. Where the linecrosses the 25 % flow scale, draw a vertical line down to thetime scale. Record this point as the working time of thecastable refractory.9.3 Se
47、e Table 1 and Fig. 1 as examples of the flow readingsrecorded and the calculation of working time from thosereadings.10. Report10.1 Report the following information in the test results:10.1.1 Date test was run,10.1.2 Castable/product name or other description of thecastable tested,10.1.3 The dry bat
48、ch weight for the test, lb (g)10.1.4 Identification and amount of any additives used(optional),10.1.5 Mixing liquid used as a percent of the dry sampleweight, (%)10.1.6 Mixing liquid range specified as being acceptable forthe product/castable tested (optional),10.1.7 Mixing liquid type (potable, dei
49、onized, distilled/deionized, other),10.1.8 Mixing time (minutes),10.1.9 Ambient temperature at the time of mixing, dry mixtemperature, and liquid temperature, F (C),10.1.10 Final castable temperature,F (C),10.1.11 Description of the container used to store thecastable between self-flow intervals,10.1.12 Percent self-flow at 10 min,10.1.13 Optional percent self-flow at each time interval.10.1.14 Optional ambient temperature at the time wheneach self-flow was evaluated,F (C),10.1.15 Optional working time as calculated in 9.2 (min-utes),10.1.16 Any d
