1、Designation: C1446 071Standard Test Method forMeasuring Consistency of Self-Flowing CastableRefractories1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1446; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEAdded research report information to Section 11 editorially in November 2010.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination o
3、f the con-sistency (degree of self-flow) and working time of self-flowingcastable refractories. This test may optionally be used todetermine working time of self-flowing castables.1.2 The values stated in inch-lb. units are to be regarded asthe standard. The values given in parentheses are for infor
4、ma-tion only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.
5、 Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C71 Terminology Relating to RefractoriesC230/C230M Specification for Flow Table for Use in Testsof Hydraulic CementC860 Practice for Determining the Consistency of Refrac-tory Castable Using the Ball-In-Hand TestC862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete
6、 Speci-mens by CastingC1445 Test Method for Measuring Consistency of CastableRefractory Using a Flow Table3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 consistency of self-flowing castable refractoriesthedegree of mobility (self-flow) of the refractory castable underits own
7、weight as described in this test method at the specifiedtimes after adding liquid to the mixer.3.1.2 working time of self-flowing castable refractoriesthe elapsed time from the first addition of liquid during mixinguntil the mix will only achieve 25 % self-flow using theprocedure described in this t
8、est method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The castable refractory is mixed with a tempering liquidand the percentage of self-flow is measured. Self-flow is thepercent increase in the diameter of the sample after removingthe Specification C230/C230M cone mold and allowing thespecimen to flow (spread) u
9、nder it own weight for 120 s. Theconsistency is measured 10 min after water addition. Workingtime may optionally be determined by repeating the self flowtest at regular time intervals.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to measure the consistency(degree of self-flow) that a castable
10、refractory demonstrates ata given level of tempering liquid at specified time intervalsafter the liquid is added. A self-flow of 25 % has been selectedas the minimum at which a mix can be poured into typicalmolds or forms in normal practice.5.2 Castable refractories which are self-flowing at one lev
11、elof tempering liquid will require vibration for placement atsome lower level of tempering liquid. At the tempering liquidlevels which require vibration or tamping for placement, thecastable refractory should be characterized using test methodswhich are appropriate for castable refractories designed
12、 forvibration placement, such as Test Method C1445.5.3 This test method is not appropriate for determining thepumpability of castable refractories.6. Interferences (Factors Known to Affect Results)6.1 During method development, a ruggedness evaluationwas performed using a castable comprised of 5 % c
13、ement,17 % reactive alumina, and 78 % tabular alumina. Several1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolith-ics.Current edition approved March 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1
14、999. Previous edition approved in 1999 as C1446 99. DOI:10.1520/C1446-07E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onth
15、e ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.factors were found to cause statistically significant effects onthe measured results. See ASTM Research Report No.C081016.6.1.1 Amount of Mixing LiquidThe amount of mixin
16、gliquid affects the measured results for typical self-flowingcastable refractories unless added by weight to within 6 0.002lb (6 1 g) of the target weight for a 16.52lb (7500-g) sampleweight. The target liquid level is a percentage of the dry weightof the batch.6.1.2 TemperatureDuring ruggedness tes
17、ting the effect oftemperature was evaluated. The test mix, tempering liquid, androom temperature were controlled to the same targets. Whenthe temperature was raised by 3.5F (70.3 to 73.8F) workingtime was found to be reduced by an average of 10 min. Whilethe degree of this effect may be castable-for
18、mulation-dependent, it is accepted that temperature will affect theworking time for all typical self-flowing castables.6.1.3 Mold Filling LevelDuring ruggedness testing it wasfound that filling the mold to a level of132 in. below the top ofthe mold reduced the measured flow at 10 min after addingliq
19、uid to the mixer by approximately 5.5 % for a mix with anaverage flow of approximately 115 % at this elapsed time.6.1.4 Mold Lifting TechniqueDuring ruggedness testing itwas found that the technique for lifting the mold from thesample affected the results. The techniques compared werelifting the mol
20、d straight up and twisting the mold approxi-mately 45 as it was lifted off the sample. Twisting the moldwhile lifting resulted in an appropriate 4.5 % increase in themeasured self-flow at 10 min after adding liquid to the mixer.6.2 Factors which were found to be rugged during methoddevelopment for p
21、ercentage self-flow at 10 min after addingtempering liquid to the mixer were (1) ambient temperaturewhen varied from 70F to 74F, (2) tempering liquid whenvaried by 0.1 %, (3) holding time from filling the mold tolifting the mold when varied from 20 to 60 s, and (4)lubricating the flow surface and wi
22、ping clean prior to placingthe specimen on the flow surface as compared to no lubricationon a clean metal surface.6.3 Factors which were found to be rugged during methoddevelopment for working time were (1) holding time fromfilling the mold to lifting the mold when varied from 20 to 60s, (2) lubrica
23、ting the flow surface and wiping clean prior toplacing the specimen on the flow surface as compared to nolubrication on a clean metal surface, (3) returning the castableto the storage container after each flow measurement whencompared to discarding the castable used for each flowmeasurement, and (4)
24、 storing the castable in a covered mixingbowl when compared to storing in a sealed container.7. Apparatus7.1 Cone MoldThe mold used to form the specimen is inaccordance with Specification C230/C230M.7.2 Measuring CaliperEither a caliper in accordance withSpecification C230/C230M which reads directly
25、 in percentflow or a standard caliper that can be read to within 6 0.004 in.(6 0.1-mm) accuracy can be used7.3 Flow SurfaceA metal plate shall be used as the flowsurface for the sample. It shall be thick enough to remain flatin use,18-in. thickness is recommended. The surface shall belevel and confi
26、rmed with a leveling device. It shall have asmooth mill finish with any minor imperfections groundsmooth. The surface shall not have any circumferential mark-ings, either permanent or temporary. Radial lines scribedlightly at 45 intervals are recommended to aid in measuringthe sample after flow. The
27、 surface must be kept clean and freefrom oxidation. A galvanized or stainless steel or other non-oxidizing metal is recommended. If the flow surface is anoxidizing metal, a lightweight oil can be used to preventoxidation. The surface must be wiped clean prior to use with anabsorbent cloth or clean s
28、ponge.7.4 Mixed Castable Storage ContainerThe mixedcastable may either be stored in the mixer bowl between flowintervals or transferred to a container for storage. Independentof the storage container used, it must be sealed airtight toprevent evaporation and must be constructed of a nonporousmateria
29、l. The container size should minimize the air spacevolume above the stored mixed castable. No more than doublethe volume of the stored castable is recommended.7.5 Castable MixerThe castable mixing equipment shallbe in accordance with Practice C862. Care must be exercised toensure the appropriate siz
30、e mixing bowl is chosen. A motor-driven mixer is highly recommended as many self-flowingcastable refractories require high-energy mixing to achievetheir self-flowing consistency at the specified liquid levels.7.6 Stopwatch/Timer, capable of being read to 1 s.7.7 Balance, accurate to 0.002 lb (1 g).7
31、.8 Light Mold Release Oil or Vegetable Oil Cooking Spray.7.9 Absorbent Cloth or Clean Sponge.8. Procedure8.1 All times, amounts, and conditions are to be in accor-dance with this practice unless others are specified by thecastable manufacturer/mix provider. Any deviations will beincluded in the test
32、 report, see Section 10.8.2 Ensure all materials and testing equipment that come incontact with the castable are within 2F (1C) of the ambienttemperature. During the test, the ambient temperature shouldnot be allowed to change more than 2F. (see 6.1.2). Wheneverpossible, the ambient temperature duri
33、ng the test should be inthe 68 to 75F (20 to 24C) range. Record the actual ambient,dry castable, and mixing liquid temperatures.8.3 Ensure all equipment is clean and dry. Remove anyoxidation from the flow plate; lightly lubricate and wipe dry theflow plate and flow mold. Lubricate with a light lubri
34、cating oilor a vegetable oil cooking spray. No further lubrication of theflow plate shall be done until the testing is completed for theday.8.4 Weigh out the mixing liquid to within 60.002 lb (6 1g)of that specified (see 6.1.1).8.5 Dry mix the batch for 30 s.8.6 Start the timer/stopwatch and add all
35、 mixing liquidwithin 10 s while the mixer is running. Use care that none ofthe liquid or dry mix is lost. Mixing time and speed shall be asrecommended by the refractory manufacturer. After 1 min ofwet mixing, stop the mixer, check for dry material in thebottom of the bowl, stir in any dry material b
36、y hand if needed,and resume mixing.C1446 07128.7 At the end of wet mixing, place the mixed castablesample in the storage container and measure the castabletemperature. The mixed castable may be stored in either themixer bowl or another container. The mixed castable samplemust be protected from moist
37、ure loss by sealing the storagecontainer. See 7.4.8.8 Approximately 1 min prior to each self-flow determina-tion, place the cone mold on the center of the flow plate withthe large end down. Hand-mix the stored castable samplelightly with a spatula and pour into the mold. Do not vibrate thematerial i
38、nto the mold. The mold must be filled flush with thetop. Either overfilling or underfilling will affect the percentflow results (see 6.1.3). If any material is spilled onto the flowplate, clean and wipe the plate dry.8.9 At the scheduled time, lift the mold from the specimenusing care not to twist o
39、r pull the mold to the side (see 6.1.4).Wipe any castable adhering to the mold with a finger and placeit gently in the middle of the sample. Lightly lubricating thecone with a lightweight oil will prevent material from adheringto the mold. Rubber or latex gloves should be worn whenhandling the casta
40、ble to minimize the loss of fines whichadhere to hands. Record the actual stored castable temperature.8.10 Allow the specimen to flow for 60 s then measure andrecord the sample patty diameter or the percentage self-flow(see 8.11). The flow should be measured quickly as self-flowwith some castables m
41、ay still be proceeding. Measure the flow10 min after the water addition.8.11 Measure the diameter of the specimen at 4 placesapproximately 45 apart. If there are localized irregularities inthe specimen diameter, the measurement may be taken in anadjacent area which better represents the average flow
42、 diam-eter. If the Specification C230/C230M caliper is used formeasurement, record the four individual readings. The sum ofthe four individual readings is the percent flow. If a standardcaliper is used, record the four individual measurements.Calculate and record the average diameter from the 4 meas
43、ure-ments (see 9.1).8.12 As soon as the flow readings are recorded, return thecastable to the storage container and mix into the remainingcastable sample with a spatula. Wash the flow plate clean andwipe dry.8.13 If working time is desired measure flow at 20 and 30min after liquid addition to the mi
44、xer and then every 15 min.Continue running and recording the remaining self-flow checks(see 8.10) until the result is found to be less than 25 %self-flow. Dispose of the castable and clean all equipment.8.14 If appropriate, lightly lubricate the flow surface toprevent oxidation.9. Calculation9.1 Per
45、centage Self-FlowWhen a standard caliper is usedto measure the sample patty, use the following formula tocalculate percent self-flow.DF = final average diameterDi = initial diameter (4 in. for theSpecification C230/C230M mold)Percent self flow 5 Df2 Di#* 100/Di(1)5 Df2 4* 100/4 (2)9.2 Optional Worki
46、ng Time CalculationPlot the percent-age self-flow as the y scale on graph paper versus the elapsedtime after adding liquid to the mixer as the x scale. Both the yand the x scales are linear. Connect each of the sequentialpoints on the time scale with a straight line. Where the linecrosses the 25 % f
47、low scale, draw a vertical line down to thetime scale. Record this point as the working time of thecastable refractory.9.3 See Table 1 and Fig. 1 as examples of the flow readingsrecorded and the calculation of working time from thosereadings.10. Report10.1 Report the following information in the tes
48、t results:10.1.1 Date test was run,10.1.2 Castable/product name or other description of thecastable tested,10.1.3 The dry batch weight for the test, lb (g)10.1.4 Identification and amount of any additives used(optional),10.1.5 Mixing liquid used as a percent of the dry sampleweight, (%)10.1.6 Mixing
49、 liquid range specified as being acceptable forthe product/castable tested (optional),10.1.7 Mixing liquid type (potable, deionized, distilled/deionized, other),10.1.8 Mixing time (minutes),10.1.9 Ambient temperature at the time of mixing, dry mixtemperature, and liquid temperature, F (C),10.1.10 Final castable temperature,F (C),10.1.11 Description of the container used to store thecastable between self-flow intervals,10.1.12 Percent self-flow at 10 min,10.1.13 Optional percent self-flow at each time interval.10.1.14 Optional ambient temperatu
