1、Designation: C1471/C1471M 05 (Reapproved 2014)1Standard Guide forthe Use of High Solids Content Cold Liquid-AppliedElastomeric Waterproofing Membrane on Vertical Surfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1471/C1471M; the number immediately following the designation indicates they
2、ear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEUnits information was editorially corrected in July 2014.1.
3、 Scope1.1 This guide describes the use of a high solids content,cold liquid-applied elastomeric waterproofing membrane thatmeets the performance criteria specified in Specification C836,subject to intermittent hydrostatic pressure in a waterproofingsystem intended for installation on vertical cast-i
4、n-place con-crete surfaces.1.2 The committee with jurisdiction over this standard is notaware of any comparable standards published by other orga-nizations.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not b
5、e exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility o
6、f the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C117 Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-m (No. 200)Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by WashingC717 Term
7、inology of Building Seals and SealantsC836 Specification for High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane for Usewith Separate Wearing CourseC898 Guide for Use of High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane with Sepa-rate Wearing CourseD
8、4263 Test Method for Indicating Moisture in Concrete bythe Plastic Sheet Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsRefer to Terminology C717 for definitionsof terms used in this standard.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 drainage compositegeocomposite consisting of ageotextile filter
9、 fabric and a drainage core of various thick-nesses and shapes.4. Significance and Use4.1 This grade provides considerations for the design andinstallation of liquid-applied waterproofing systems. The intentis to provide information and guidelines for consideration bydesigners. Typical uses for thes
10、e systems include, amongothers, planters and foundation walls with drainage systems.4.2 This guide is intended to be considered in conjunctionwith Guide C898 to provide total system guidelines.5. Comparison to Other Standards5.1 The committee with jurisdiction over this standard is notaware of any c
11、omparable standards published by other orga-nizations.6. General6.1 GeneralThe major components to be considered for abelow grade building wall waterproofing system are thestructural wall or substrate to be waterproofed, waterproofingmembrane, membrane protection, drainage, and backfill. Ad-ditional
12、 components to be considered are membraneterminations, penetrations, joints, and thermal insulation.6.2 CompatibilityIt is essential that all components andcontiguous elements be compatible, and that they be coordi-nated to form an integrated waterproofing system.6.3 ContinuityIt is essential that t
13、he waterproofingmembrane, including all joints and transitions, is continuous.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing andWaterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.22 on Water-proofing and Dampproofing Systems.Current edition approved July 1, 20
14、14. Published August 2014. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C1471-05. DOI:10.1520/C1471_C1471M-05R14E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volu
15、me information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Special attention must be paid to changes in plane, transitionsfrom one substrate to another, terminations
16、, and abuttingwaterproofing systems. Expansion and control joints in abut-ting vertical and horizontal surfaces must maintain the conti-nuity of the system. It is recommended that, during systemdevelopment and documentation, isometric drawings be madeof three dimensional connections and transitions.
17、7. Substrate7.1 GeneralThe building wall substrate referred to in thisguide is reinforced, cast-in-place concrete.7.2 StrengthThe strength of concrete is a factor to beconsidered with respect to liquid-applied membranes so far asit relates to surface finish, bond strength, and continuingintegrity (a
18、bsence of cracks and other concrete defects thatcould affect the integrity of the membrane).7.3 Density and Moisture ContentThe density and mois-ture content of concrete when cured are interrelated. Exces-sively high moisture content can affect adhesion of the mem-brane to a substrate as moisture ma
19、y condense at the membraneto concrete interface and cause membrane delamination. Lowermoisture contents are achieved with the use of hard, densestone aggregate. This type of coarse aggregate will generallyprovide structural concrete with moisture content from 3 to 5%when cured. The concrete substrat
20、e should have a minimumdensity of 2100 kg/m3130 lb/ft3 and a maximum moisturecontent of 8% when cured.7.4 AdmixturesPolymeric, latex, or other organic chemi-cal based admixtures or modifiers can coat the concreteparticles and reduce the adhesion of the membrane to thesubstrate. If the concrete subst
21、rate will contain any admixtures,the membrane manufacturer should be consulted and shouldapprove the use of the membrane with the specific proposedadmixtures.7.5 Release and Curing AgentsForm release agents andform oils are often used to facilitate the removal of the concreteform work, and curing ag
22、ents are sometimes applied to thegreen (uncured) concrete surface. These chemicals can reducethe adhesion of the membrane to the concrete, and their useshould be coordinated with and be accepted by the membranemanufacturer. Form oils should not be used on areas to receivewaterproofing. If form oils
23、were used, sandblasting or otherapproved methods must be used to remove the form oils priorto waterproofing application.7.6 FinishThe structural wall should have a smooth formfinish. The surface should provide a mechanical bond for themembrane but not be so rough as to preclude achievingcontinuity o
24、f the membrane and the specified membranethickness across its surface. All fins, projections, tie rod holes,and honeycomb must be repaired. The removal of fins andsimilar projections is especially critical, because they causethin spots in the membrane that are easily punctured. Theconcrete surface a
25、t the top of the wall and at the footing shouldbe of the same quality as the face of the wall. The footingshould be troweled smooth and be free of fins, burrs, and largeirregularities. A minimum width of 200 mm, with 300 mmpreferred, should be available on the footing to effectivelyterminate the wat
26、erproofing membrane. The top of the footingshould be sloped away from the wall.7.7 DrynessMembrane manufacturers requirements forsubstrate dryness vary and can include being visibly dry,passing a 4 hour glass test, passing Test Method D4263 with nocondensate, or having a specific maximum moisture co
27、ntent asmeasured by a moisture meter. Refer to and meet the manu-facturers requirements for the particular membrane beingapplied. It is recommended that the membrane not be appliedsooner than 28 days after concrete placement.7.8 JointsJoints in structural concrete walls are referred toin this guide
28、as reinforced joints, unreinforced joints, andexpansion joints.7.8.1 Reinforced JointsReinforced joints consist of hair-line cracks, cold joints, construction joints. or control jointsheld together with steel reinforcing bars or wire fabric. Theseare considered static joints with little or no antici
29、pated move-ment because the reinforcement is continuous across the joint.7.8.2 Unreinforced JointsUnreinforced joints consist ofbutted construction joints and isolation joints not held togetherwith steel reinforcing bars or wire fabric. These joints aregenerally considered as non-moving or static jo
30、ints. However,they should be considered as capable of some movement, themagnitude of which is difficult to predict.7.8.3 Expansion JointsExpansion joints are designed toaccommodate a predetermined amount of movement. Suchmovement can be due to thermal change, shrinkage, creep,deflection, or other fa
31、ctors. In detailing watertight expansionjoints, the amount of movement must be determined using areasonable factor of safety since accurate prediction of themagnitude of movement is difficult. The size and configurationof the joint should then be related to the capability of themembrane and joint se
32、al materials to accommodate the antici-pated movement.8. Waterproofing Membrane8.1 GeneralApplication of the membrane may be bybrush, trowel, roller, or spray equipment, or combinationsthereof, depending on the manufacturers recommended orrequired procedures and the job site conditions. A two coatap
33、plication is preferable to a single coat application, because itprovides some redundancy and it is easier to meet or exceed theminimum required membrane thickness. It also reduces thetendency for membrane material to slide or sag, and pinholes inthe first coat can be covered by the second coat.8.1.1
34、 One-part membrane materials should be stirred thor-oughly prior to application With two-part materials, stir eachcomponent separately before combining. Thoroughly mix thetwo components together so the curing agent is uniformlydispersed in the base component, ensuring even curing of themembrane. Mix
35、ing should be at a slow speed, 80 to 150 rpm,to avoid entrapping air in the material. The bottom and sides ofthe container should be scraped with a square edged spatuladuring mixing.8.1.2 Some materials require the use of a primer on somesubstrates. Review the manufacturers requirements, and usethe
36、recommended primer where necessary.C1471/C1471M 05 (2014)128.1.3 A coverage rate of 1.5 L/m24 gal/100 ft2 of surfacearea on a smooth substrate yields a dry-film thickness of 1.5 60.1 mm 60 6 5 mils using materials that are 100% solids. Theproducts described by this guide are marketed by a number ofm
37、anufacturers and may have different minimum requiredmembrane thicknesses. This guide is predicated upon a mini-mum dry-film thickness of 1.5 6 0.1 mm. When the solidscontent of the waterproofing membrane is less than 100%, thecoverage rate required to achieve a 1.5 mm dry-film thicknessis calculated
38、 by the following formula:1.5 L/m2% solids by volume expressed as a decimal!5 L/m2(1)The manufacturers data sheets should be consulted for theyield of the proposed product.8.1.4 The application thickness should be monitored closelyto assure that the membrane is applied at the specified wet-filmthick
39、ness. The application thickness should be checked whilethe film is still liquid with a wet-film thickness gauge or otherappropriate means. Two to three checks, per 10 m2100 ft2,should be performed. Irregular substrates should be monitoredmore closely and require heavier average application to main-t
40、ain the specified minimum membrane thickness. Damage tothe membrane caused by the depth gauge must be repairedbefore the membrane cures.8.1.5 The cured membrane should be carefully inspected forvoids and thin spots. The membrane thickness should bespecified as the minimum allowable thickness at any
41、point, notas an average thickness. All defects should be repaired accord-ing to the manufacturers recommendations prior to placementof the protection course.8.2 Adhesion to SubstrateA liquid-applied waterproofingmembrane must adhere to the substrate in order to stay in placeprior to backfilling and
42、to prevent water accumulation andmovement between the membrane and the substrate. Waterpenetrating an unbonded membrane could migrate laterallyunder the membrane until reaching a crack or defect in thestructural wall and then leak through to the interior. Leakagethrough the wall would not necessaril
43、y indicate the location ofwater entry through the membrane. That point could be aconsiderable distance away, and removal of large areas ofbackfill might be required before it is located.8.2.1 The substrate must be dry and frost-free on the surfaceand throughout the depth of the concrete when the mem
44、braneis applied. Excessive moisture in the substrate or moisture onthe surface from frost, rain, or condensation may cause animproper cure, formation of gas pockets, or little or noadhesion to the substrate. Should rain or snow interrupt theapplication after at least one coat of material has been ap
45、plied,the manufacturers instructions should be followed pertainingto treatment of the cured material prior to continuing applica-tion.8.3 TerminationsThe waterproofing system should termi-nate a minimum of 150 mm 6 in. above the finish grade orbrick ledge. Where a concrete wall is to be exposed abov
46、egrade, the waterproofing may be terminated no more than 50mm 2 in. below grade. It should be recognized that the areaabove the termination is vulnerable to water penetrationthrough cracks or joints and these areas must be addressed.8.3.1 The waterproofing system should terminate a mini-mum of 300 m
47、m 12 in. below the lower floor line or on topof the footing a minimum of 150 mm 6 in. out from the wallface. The system should never be terminated above thedrainage collection level. See Fig. 1.8.3.2 The waterproofing system should terminate a mini-mum of 600 mm 24 in. onto intersecting walls, colum
48、ns, orcounterforts. Under certain conditions, such as the intersectionof a retaining wall with the main foundation wall, it is desirableto provide continuous wall waterproofing prior to the place-ment of the intersecting wall.8.3.3 The waterproofing system on vertical walls shouldconnect with below
49、slab waterproofing when used. When thetwo membranes are the same material or compatible materials,they may lap each other. This may be accomplished byapplying the membrane to the top of the footing prior topouring the concrete wall (Fig. 1). When the two membranesdo not connect but are separated by the wall, care must betaken to assure that the footing and wall are watertight.Concrete additives are sometimes used for this purpose.8.3.4 Where the membrane connects with a horizontalplaza, the transition should be carefully evaluated and
