1、Designation: C 1491 03Standard Specification forConcrete Roof Pavers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1491; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses ind
2、icates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers concrete roof pavers that aremachine-made from hydraulic cement, water, and suitablemineral aggregates with or without the inclusion
3、 of othermaterials, for use as roof ballast and protection of roofmembranes.NOTE 1The design of roof ballast systems for resisting wind uplift isbeyond the scope of this specification. Building codes and other standardsshould be consulted in designing for wind uplift resistance.1.2 The text of this
4、standard references notes and footnotesthat provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be consideredas requirements of the standard.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parenthes
5、es are forinformation only.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates2C 140 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing ConcreteMasonry Units and Related Units3C 150 Specification for Portland Cement4C 331 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Con-crete Mas
6、onry Units2C 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements4C 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture inConcrete2C 989 Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-FurnaceSlag for Use in Concrete and Mortars2C 1157 Performance Specification
7、 for Hydraulic Cement4C 1209 Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and Re-lated Units3C 1232 Terminology of Masonry3C 1262 Test Method for Evaluating the Freeze-Thaw Dura-bility of Manufactured Concrete Masonry Units and Re-lated Concrete Units33. Terminology3.1 Terminology defined in Terminology C
8、1209 and Ter-minology C 1232 shall apply to this specification.4. Material4.1 Cementitious MaterialsMaterials shall conform to thefollowing applicable specifications:4.1.1 Portland CementSpecification C 150.4.1.2 Modified Portland CementPortland cement con-forming to Specification C 150, modified as
9、 follows:4.1.2.1 LimestoneLimestone, with a minimum 85 % cal-cium carbonate (CaCO3) content, shall be permitted to beadded to the cement, provided the requirements of Specifica-tion C 150 are modified as follows:(1) Limitation on Insoluble Residue1.5 %.(2) Limitation on Air Content of MortarVolume p
10、ercent,22 % max.(3) Limitation on Loss on Ignition7 %.4.1.3 Blended CementsCement conforming to eitherSpecification C 595 or Specification C 1157.4.1.4 PozzolansSpecification C 618.4.1.5 Blast Furnace SlagSpecification C 989.4.2 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the followingspecifications, exce
11、pt that grading requirements shall notnecessarily apply:4.2.1 Normal Weight AggregatesSpecification C 33.4.2.2 Lightweight AggregatesSpecification C 331.4.3 Other ConstituentsAir-entraining agents, coloringpigments, integral water repellents, finely ground silica, andother constituents shall be prev
12、iously established as suitable foruse in concrete roof pavers and shall conform to applicableASTM standards or shall be shown by test or experiencesatisfactory to the purchaser to be not detrimental to thedurability of the units or any material customarily used inconcrete roof pavers.5. Physical Req
13、uirements5.1 At the time of delivery to the work site, the units shallconform to the physical requirements of Table 1 and shall havea minimum net area average compression strength (average of1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the d
14、irect responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.03 on Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units.Current edition approved June 10, 2003. Published August 2003. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as C 149101a.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.3Annual Book of ASTM Standar
15、ds, Vol 04.05.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3 units) of 3000 psi (20.68 MPa) with no individual unitcompres
16、sive strength less than 2600 psi (17.93 MPa) whentested in accordance with 8.2.5.2 Resistance to Flexural LoadThe average resistance toflexural load for three paver units shall exceed 350 lb (1557 N)and resistance to flexural load of each individual unit shallexceed 280 lb (1246 N) when tested in ac
17、cordance with 8.2.5.3 Ballast WeightRequirements for ballast weight perunit area shall be specified separately.5.4 Freeze-Thaw DurabilityIn areas where repeatedfreezing and thawing under saturated conditions occur, freeze-thaw durability shall be demonstrated by test or by proven fieldperformance th
18、at the concrete roof paver units have adequatedurability for the intended use. When testing is required by thespecifier to demonstrate freeze-thaw durability, the units shallbe tested in accordance with 8.3.5.4.1 Specimens shall comply with either of the following:(1) the weight loss of each of five
19、 test specimens at theconclusion of 100 cycles shall not exceed 1 % of its initialweight; or (2) the weight loss of each of four or five testspecimens at the conclusion of 150 cycles shall not exceed1.5 % of its initial weight.NOTE 2This specification does not include criteria for hail stoneimpact.
20、Where required, these criteria should be specified by the pur-chaser. Appendix X1 is provided as guidance to specifying hail-impactresistance.6. Permissible Variations in Dimension and Weight6.1 Overall dimensions for width, height, and length shallnot differ by more than 618 in. (3.2 mm) from the s
21、pecifiedstandard dimensions.6.2 Ballast weight shall not differ by more than 6 2.0 lb/ft2(9.7 kg/m2) from the specified weight.7. Finish and Appearance7.1 All units shall be sound and free of cracks or otherdefects that would interfere with the proper placement of theunit or would significantly impa
22、ir the strength or permanenceof the construction. Minor cracks incidental to the usualmethod of manufacture or minor chipping resulting fromcustomary methods of handling in shipment and delivery arenot grounds for rejection.7.2 Five percent of the units in a shipment are permitted tocontain chips no
23、t larger than 1 in. (25.4 mm) in any dimension,or cracks not wider than 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) and not longer than25 % of the nominal height of the unit.8. Sampling and Testing8.1 The purchaser or authorized representative shall beaccorded proper facilities to inspect and sample the units at theplace of
24、manufacture from the lots ready for delivery.8.2 Sample and test units for compressive strength, flexuralload, absorption, density, ballast weight, and dimensionaltolerance in accordance with Test Methods C 140.8.3 When required, sample and test five specimens forfreeze-thaw durability in water in a
25、ccordance with Test MethodC 1262. Freeze-thaw durability shall be based on tests of unitsmade with the same materials, concrete mix design, manufac-turing process, and curing method, conducted not more than 24months prior to delivery.9. Compliance9.1 If a sample falls to conform to the specified req
26、uire-ments, the manufacturer shall be permitted to remove unitsfrom the shipment. A new sample shall be selected by thepurchaser from remaining units from the shipment with asimilar configuration and dimension and tested at the expenseof the manufacturer. If the second sample meets the specifiedrequ
27、irements, the remaining portion of the shipment repre-sented by the sample meets the specified requirements. If thesecond sample fails to meet the specified requirements, theremaining portion of the shipment represented by the samplefails to meet the specified requirements.NOTE 3Unless otherwise spe
28、cified in the purchase order, the cost oftests is typically borne as follows: (1) If the results of the tests show thatthe units do not conform to the requirements of this specification, the costis typically borne by the seller. (2) If the results of the tests show that theunits conform to the speci
29、fication requirements, the cost is typically borneby the purchaser.10. Keywords10.1 absorption; aggregates; ballast weight; cementitious;compressive strength; concrete roof pavers; durability; lime-stone; portland cementTABLE 1 Absorption Requirements for Concrete Roof PaversConcrete Density,lb/ft3(
30、kg/m3)Maximum Water Absorption,lb/ft3(kg/m3)(average of 3 units)95 (1522) or less 15 (240)over 95 to 115 (1522 to 1842) 13 (208)over 115 (1842) or more 10 (160)C1491032APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SPECIFYING RESISTANCE TO HAIL STONE IMPACTX1.1 Where the purchasers deign criteria include res
31、is-tance to impact from hail, hailstorm activity can be estimatedfrom Fig. X1.1. As further guidance, a minimum energy-impact resistance to hail stones in areas potentially subjected tomoderate to heavy hailstorm activity shall be 15 ft-lb (20.3 J).This impact energy is related to a hail stone of ap
32、proximatediameter of 1.83 in. (46.5 mm), having a density 90 % of thatof water, and falling at the terminal velocity for a sphericalshape. Fig. X1.1 is based on hail storm activity reported by theNational Weather Service for the time period between 1955and 1995 and includes all reported hail storms
33、with averagehail stone diameter 1.8 in. (45.7 mm) or larger.X1.2 Recommended testing for hail stone impact resistanceentails impacting three specimens, supported as they would bein use, each to a series of three blows from a spherical ice ballof a size, configuration, and impact energy as outlined a
34、bove.Failure of any specimen would be defined as the completefracturing of the test specimen through the height of the paver.(Dents, chips, or cracks shall not be considered as failure of thetest specimen.)C1491033SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C15 has identified the location of the following changes s
35、ince C 149101a that may impact the useof this standard.(1) Portland cement was changed to hydraulic cement inSection 1.1.Committee C15 has identified the location of selected changesto this standard since the C 149101 edition that may impactthe use of this standard.(1) Deleted the word “large” from
36、Note 2, since this specifi-cation does not include any criteria for hail impact, regardlessof stone size.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that
37、 determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapprov
38、ed or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you fee
39、l that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. X1.1 Hail Storm FrequencyC1491034
