1、Designation: C1696 12Standard Guide forIndustrial Thermal Insulation Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1696; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthe
2、ses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information on selection of insulationmaterials, systems design, application methods, protectivecoverings, guarantees, inspection, test
3、ing, and maintenance ofthermal insulation primarily for industrial applications in atemperature range of -320 to 1200F (-195.5 to 648.8C).1.2 This guide is intended to provide practical guidelines,by applying acceptable current practice while indicating thebasic principles by which new materials can
4、 be assessed andadapted for use under widely differing conditions. Designengineers, the general contractors, the fabricators, and theinsulation contractors will find this guide helpful.1.3 Although some insulation system designs can serve asfire protection, this guide does not address the criteria s
5、pecificto that need. API 521 Guide for Pressure-Relieving and De-pressuring Systems is recommended as a reference for fireprotection. This guide will however address the fire propertiesof insulation materials.1.4 This guide is not intended for commercial, architectural,acoustical, marine, vehicle tr
6、ansport, or military use.1.5 This guide does not address insulation system design forrefractory linings or cold boxes whereby these are typicallypackage units and of a proprietary insulation design.1.6 The values given in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values in parentheses
7、are for informationonly. The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of t
8、his standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A167 Specification for Stainless and Heat-ResistingChromium-Nickel Steel Plate, Sheet, and StripA240/A240M Specificati
9、on for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for PressureVessels and for General ApplicationsA653/A653M Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated(Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed)by the Hot-Dip ProcessA792/A792M Specification for Steel Sheet, 55 %Al
10、uminum-Zinc Alloy-Coated by the Hot-Dip ProcessB209 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-AlloySheet and PlateC165 Test Method for Measuring Compressive Propertiesof Thermal InsulationsC168 Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationC177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-ments and Ther
11、mal Transmission Properties by Means ofthe Guarded-Hot-Plate ApparatusC195 Specification for Mineral Fiber Thermal InsulatingCementC203 Test Methods for Breaking Load and Flexural Prop-erties of Block-Type Thermal InsulationC209 Test Methods for Cellulosic Fiber Insulating BoardC240 Test Methods of
12、Testing Cellular Glass InsulationBlockC272 Test Method for Water Absorption of Core Materialsfor Structural Sandwich ConstructionsC302 Test Method for Density and Dimensions of Pre-formed Pipe-Covering-Type Thermal InsulationC303 Test Method for Dimensions and Density of Pre-formed Block and BoardTy
13、pe Thermal InsulationC335 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Transfer Proper-ties of Pipe InsulationC354 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Thermal1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on ThermalInsulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.40 on Insulatio
14、nSystems.Current edition approved May 15, 2012. Published May 2012. DOI: 10.1520/C169611.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summ
15、ary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Insulating or Finishing Cement3C356 Test Method for Linear Shrinkage of PreformedHigh-Temperature Thermal Insulation Subjected to Soak-ing HeatC411 Test Meth
16、od for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal InsulationC446 Test Method for Breaking Load and CalculatedModulus of Rupture of Preformed Insulation for Pipes3C447 Practice for Estimating the Maximum Use Tempera-ture of Thermal InsulationsC449 Specification for Mineral Fiber Hydraulic-Se
17、ttingThermal Insulating and Finishing CementC450 Practice for Fabrication of Thermal Insulating FittingCovers for NPS Piping, and Vessel LaggingC518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal TransmissionProperties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter ApparatusC533 Specification for Calcium Silicate Block and
18、PipeThermal InsulationC534 Specification for Preformed Flexible Elastomeric Cel-lular Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular FormC547 Specification for Mineral Fiber Pipe InsulationC552 Specification for Cellular Glass Thermal InsulationC553 Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Thermal In-sulati
19、on for Commercial and Industrial ApplicationsC578 Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene ThermalInsulationC591 Specification for Unfaced Preformed Rigid CellularPolyisocyanurate Thermal InsulationC592 Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Insulationand Blanket-Type Pipe Insulation (Metal-Me
20、sh Covered)(Industrial Type)C610 Specification for Molded Expanded Perlite Block andPipe Thermal InsulationC612 Specification for Mineral Fiber Block and BoardThermal InsulationC680 Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and theSurface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, andSpherica
21、l Systems by Use of Computer ProgramsC692 Test Method for Evaluating the Influence of ThermalInsulations on External Stress Corrosion Cracking Ten-dency of Austenitic Stainless SteelC764 Specification for Mineral Fiber Loose-Fill ThermalInsulationC795 Specification for Thermal Insulation for Use in
22、Con-tact with Austenitic Stainless SteelC800 Specification for Fibrous Glass Blanket Insulation(Aircraft Type)C871 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of ThermalInsulation Materials for Leachable Chloride, Fluoride,Silicate, and Sodium IonsC1029 Specification for Spray-Applied Rigid Cellular Poly-ure
23、thane Thermal InsulationC1055 Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions thatProduce Contact Burn InjuriesC1057 Practice for Determination of Skin Contact Tem-perature from Heated Surfaces Using a MathematicalModel and ThermesthesiometerC1104/C1104M Test Method for Determining the WaterVapor Sorptio
24、n of Unfaced Mineral Fiber InsulationC1126 Specification for Faced or Unfaced Rigid CellularPhenolic Thermal InsulationC1139 Specification for Fibrous Glass Thermal Insulationand Sound Absorbing Blanket and Board for MilitaryApplicationsC1289 Specification for Faced Rigid Cellular Polyisocya-nurate
25、Thermal Insulation BoardC1393 Specification for Perpendicularly Oriented MineralFiber Roll and Sheet Thermal Insulation for Pipes andTanksC1559 Test Method for Determining Wicking of FibrousGlass Blanket Insulation (Aircraft Type)C1729 Specification for Aluminum Jacketing for InsulationD1621 Test Me
26、thod for Compressive Properties of RigidCellular PlasticsD1622 Test Method for Apparent Density of Rigid CellularPlasticsD2126 Test Method for Response of Rigid Cellular Plasticsto Thermal and Humid AgingD2842 Test Method for Water Absorption of Rigid CellularPlasticsE84 Test Method for Surface Burn
27、ing Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission ofMaterialsE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE659 Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of LiquidChemicals2.2 API Standard:API 521
28、 Guide for Pressure-Relieving and DepressuringSystems42.3 NACE Standard:SP0198 Standard PracticeThe Control of Corrosion Un-der Thermal Insulation and Fireproofing MaterialsASystem Approach52.4 NFPA Standards:6NFPA 49 Hazardous Chemicals DataNFPA90A Standard for the Installation ofAir Conditioningan
29、d Ventilating SystemsNFPA 259 Standard Test Method for Potential Heat ofBuilding Materials2.5 Federal Standard:40 CFR 60 Protection of EnvironmentStandards of Per-formance for New Stationary Sources73Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Avail
30、able from theAmerican Petroleum Institute, 1220 L St., NW, Washington,DC 20005-4070.5Available from the NationalAssociation of Corrosion Engineers, 1440 S. CreekDr., Houston, TX 77084-4906.6Available from the National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park,Quincy, MA 02269-9101.7Available
31、from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, 732 N. Capital St., NW, Washington, DC 20402-0001.C1696 1223. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology C168 is recommended toprovide definitions and information on symbols, units, andabbreviations of terms used in ASTM standards pert
32、aining tothermal insulation materials and materials associated withthem. Terminology E176 is recommended to provide terms andstandard definitions for fire standards. Any term used in thisguide that is not defined in Terminology C168 or E176 will bedefined in the section in which the term is used.3.2
33、 Acronyms and Abbreviations:3.2.1 ACMasbestos-containing materials3.2.2 ACTautoignition temperature3.2.3 ASJall service jacket3.2.4 CPVCchlorinated polyvinyl chloride3.2.5 DFTdry film thickness3.2.6 EPAEnvironmental Protection Agency3.2.7 FRPfiberglass-reinforced plastic3.2.8 FS/SDflame spread/smoke
34、 density3.2.9 MSDSmaterial safety data sheet3.2.10 NAIMANorth American Insulation ManufacturersAssociation3.2.11 NDTnondestructive testing3.2.12 NFPANational Fire Protection Association3.2.13 OSHAOccupational Safety and HealthAdministra-tion3.2.14 PVCpolyvinyl chloride3.2.15 QA/QCquality assurance/q
35、uality control3.2.16 SSstainless steel3.2.17 UVultraviolet3.2.18 WVTwater vapor transmission4. Significance and Use4.1 When choosing a thermal insulation product or combi-nation of products, physical, chemical and mechanical proper-ties and the significance of those properties should be consid-ered.
36、 ASTM test methods are usually performed underlaboratory conditions and may not accurately represent fieldconditions depending on process temperature, environment,and operating conditions. Performance results obtained usingASTM test methods can be used to determine compliance ofmaterials to specific
37、ations but do not necessarily predictinstalled performance. Values stated in the ASTM materialstandards are those that apply to the majority of materials andnot to any specific product; other tested values may exist forspecific material applications.4.2 Design of thermal insulation systems requires
38、the un-derstanding of process requirements, temperature control, heatloss criteria, control of thermal shock, and mechanical forceson insulation generated by thermal gradients and wind envi-ronmental conditions. Sometimes, the mechanical design ofpiping and equipment needs to be modified to support
39、insula-tion adequately and provide for insulation weatherproofing.Process requirements may dictate the control of critical tem-perature to prevent freezing, maintain viscosity, or minimizeinternal corrosion. When handling heat transfer fluids such asethylene oxide or hot oils, the selection of insul
40、ation materialsand the insulation system design becomes critical. whereby Ifthese fluids are absorb in insulation materials, the fluid flashpoint could be below the fluid operating temperature. Specifiedheat gain or heat loss and acceptable surface temperaturescould also dictate thermal design of in
41、sulation systems. Envi-ronmental corrosivity, high wind, and extreme ambient tem-peratures affect the selection of weatherproofing and methodsof its securement. A combination of these factors plays asignificant role in the selection of insulation materials andapplication methods to provide long-last
42、ing trouble-free ser-vice.4.3 Application methods are generally defined by the pur-chasers specifications. However, some specialty insulationsystems, such as prefabricated insulation panels for ductwork,precipitators, and tanks, will also have supplemental installa-tion requirements specified by the
43、 insulation system manufac-turer. defined by the specification of the manufacturer.4.4 In any application of thermal insulation, the insulationrequires protection of some type, be it protection from theelements such as rain, snow, sleet, wind, ultraviolet solarradiation, protection from external for
44、ces that can causemechanical damage, vapor passage, fire, chemical attack, orany combination of these. This protection can be provided inby metal, plastic, coated or laminated composites or both,mastic coatings, or a combination of the above depending uponthe application, service, and economic requi
45、rements. Consid-ering the enormous overall cost of a new facility, and compar-ing the initial cost of the insulated portion as a small percentageof that overall cost with the substantially increased operatingcost as a result of inefficient insulation protection, it is commonsense to provide only the
46、 best insulation system available andthe best protection for that long-term investment consistentwith the appropriate design and economic requirements. Usu-ally a new facility is very expensive and the initial cost of theinsulation portion is a small percentage of that overall cost.However, increase
47、d operating costs can result from inefficientprotection.4.5 Bid invitations should contain information necessary todetermine how guarantees of materials and application will beresolved.4.6 It is recommended that the purchaser provide a qualityassurance program that defines the inspection of all mate
48、rials,material safety data sheets (MSDS), and specific applicationprocedures before and during progress of the insulation work.4.7 During contract negotiations, the contractor and pur-chaser should discuss and agree to the procedures to be adoptedfor suitable periodic inspection and maintenance of t
49、he insu-lation systems to ensure that the initial performance of thematerial will be maintained. And, where applicable, theyshould agree to the methods of repair and replacement to beadopted in case damage occurs during service or overhaul.5. Significant Physical Properties of Thermal InsulationMaterials5.1 Apparent Thermal Conductivity:5.1.1 The apparent thermal conductivity of an insulationmaterial is the measure of its ability to conduct heat betweenthe hot and cold surfaces of the insulation. In inch pound units,this property (which is also known as the
