1、Designation: C1750 11C1750 17Standard Guide forDevelopment, Verification, Validation, and Documentation ofSimulated High-Level Tank Waste1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1750; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Intent:1.1.1 The intent of this guideline is to provide general considerations for the devel
3、opment, verification, validation, anddocumentation of high-level waste (HLW) tank simulants. Due to the expense and hazards associated with obtaining and workingwith actual wastes, especially radioactive wastes, simulants are used in a wide variety of applications including process andequipment deve
4、lopment and testing, equipment acceptance testing, and plant commissioning. This standard guide facilitates aconsistent methodology for development, preparation, verification, validation, and documentation of waste simulants.1.2 This guideline provides direction on (1) defining simulant use, (2) def
5、ining simulant-design requirements, (3) developinga simulant preparation procedure, (4) verifying and validating that the simulant meets design requirements, and (5) documentingsimulant-development activities and simulant preparation procedures.1.3 Applicability:1.3.1 This guide is intended for pers
6、ons and organizations tasked with developing HLW simulants to mimic certaincharacteristics and properties of actual wastes. The process for simulant development, verification, validation, and documentationis shown schematically in Fig. 1. Specific approval requirements for the simulants developed un
7、der this guideline are not provided.This topic is left to the performing organization.1.3.2 While this guide is directed at HLW simulants, much of the guidance may also be applicable to other aqueous basedsolutions and slurries.1.3.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
8、The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 User Caveats:1.4.1 This guideline is not a substitute for sound chemistry and chemical engineering skills, proven practices and experience.It is not intended to be prescriptive but rather to provide considerations for the development and u
9、se of waste simulants.1.4.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of
10、regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade O
11、rganization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear MaterialsC1109 Practice for Analysis of Aqueous Leachates from Nuclear Waste Materials Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-AtomicEmission SpectroscopyC1111 Test Method
12、 for Determining Elements in Waste Streams by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission SpectroscopyC1752 Guide for Measuring Physical and Rheological Properties of Radioactive Solutions, Slurries, and SludgesD4129 Test Method for Total and Organic Carbon in Water by High Temperature Oxidation and
13、by Coulometric Detection1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.13 on Spent Fuel andHigh Level Waste.Current edition approved June 1, 2011Nov. 15, 2017. Published September 2011December 2017. DOI:
14、 10.1520/Originally approved in 2011. Last previous editionapproved in 2011 as C1750C1750 11.-11. DOI: 10.1520/C1750-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer
15、to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all chang
16、es accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Uni
17、ted States12.2 Environmental Protection Agency SW-846 Methods:Method 3010A Acid digestion of Aqueous Samples and Extracts for total metals for Analysis by FLAA or ICP SpectroscopyMethod 3050B Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges and SoilsMethod 3051A Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion of Sediments, S
18、ludges and SoilsMethod 3052 Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion of Siliceous and Organically Based MatriciesMethod 6010C Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission SpectrometryMethod 6020A Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass SpectrometryMethod 9056A Determination of Inorganic Anions by Ion Chromatography3
19、. Terminology3.1 Refer to Terminology C859 for additional terminology, which may not be defined below.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cognizant engineer, nlead engineer responsible for overall supervision and direction of simulant development.3.2.2 simulant, na solution or s
20、lurry that mimics or replicates selected chemical, physical or rheological properties, or both,of an actual process or waste stream.3.2.3 simulant development test plan, na document that describes the simulant development process that results in a simulantthat meets the usage and design requirements
21、 identified in the simulant requirements specification.3.2.4 simulant preparation procedure, na document that specifies the step by step process of producing the simulant.3.2.5 simulant requirements specification, na document that specifies the simulant use and design requirements.3.2.6 simulant val
22、idation, nestablishment of documented evidence that confirms that behavior of the simulant adequatelymimics the targeted actual waste behavior. Simulant validation can be expressed by the query, “Are you making the correctsimulant?” and refers back to the needs for which the simulant is being develo
23、ped.3.2.7 simulant verification, nestablishment of documented evidence which provides a high degree of assurance that thesimulant meets the predetermined design and quality requirements. Simulant verification can be expressed by the query, “Are youmaking the simulant properly?”3.3 Acronyms:3.3.1 ASM
24、EAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers3.3.2 DIDeionized Water3.3.3 GFCGlass Forming Chemicals3.3.4 HLWHigh-Level Waste3.3.5 LAWLow-Activity Waste3.3.6 N/ANot Applicable3.3.7 NQA-1Nuclear Quality Assurance3.3.8 PSDParticle Size Distribution3.3.9 QAQuality Assurance3.3.10 QCQuality Control4. Summar
25、y of Guide4.1 This guide provides general considerations on the development, preparation, validation, verification, and documentation ofHLW simulants.FIG. 1 Simulant Development, Verification, Validation, and Documentation FlowsheetC1750 1724.2 The first step in the process is to define the purpose
26、for which the simulant will be used. used and to identify the key processperformance metrics or properties, or both, relevant to the phenomenon being assessed. The performance metrics/parametersprovide a means of comparing simulant performance against that for actual waste (based on available perfor
27、mance orcharacterization data, or both, for the waste) for the process or phenomenon being evaluated.This first step also includes specifyingthe target values or range of values for the chemical composition and physical and rheological propertiesproperties (includingrheology) of the simulant. The qu
28、ality assurance requirements are also defined in the first step in accordance with the projectrequirements for which the simulant is being developed.4.3 The next step is to define the simulant design requirements. This involves determining the necessary and sufficient simulantproperties to be measur
29、ed for each affected unit operation. Key simulant properties and acceptance criteria are developed withregard to the project requirements for which the simulant is being developed. Standardized chemical, physical chemical andrheologicalphysical property measurements are referenced. Topics to be cons
30、idered during the development and scale-up of thesimulant preparation procedure are provided.Amethodology for validation and verification of the simulant is discussed along withsuggested documentation.4.4 The following step is to define an approach for developing the simulant to meet the needs for s
31、imulant use while satisfyingthe design requirements. This approach is often documented in a test plan that includes the methods for validating the use of thefinal developed simulant and verifying the simulant is acceptable.4.5 Upon developing an approach and simulant, a procedure for preparing the s
32、imulant must be generated and documented. Theprocedure is focused on providing a means for consistently generating the correct simulant regardless of persons conductingprocess. The procedure takes into account sequence constituents are added, degree of mixing, and temperature at which processestake
33、place. The development of the preparation procedures must address scale-up associated with fabricating larger batches ofsimulant, and simulant contamination, degradation, or attrition during testing.4.6 Once the fabrication of simulant is initiated, the simulant being produced needs to be verified.
34、Verification assures thesimulant meets design requirements and address the question: was the simulant made properly?4.7 At the end of the simulant process, documentation for the simulant development process needs to be compiled and finalized.The documentation must meet project requirements for produ
35、cing records materials and focus on assuring the repeatability of theprocess.5. Significance and Use5.1 The development and use of simulants is generally dictated by the difficulty of working with actual radioactive or hazardouswastes, or both, and process streams. These difficulties include large c
36、osts associated with obtaining samples of significant size aswell as significant environmental, safety and health issues.5.2 Simulant-Development Scope Statement:5.2.1 Simulant Use Definition:5.2.1.1 The first step should be to determine what the simulant is to be used for. Simulants may be used in
37、a wide variety ofapplications including evaluation of process performance, providing design input to equipment, facilities and operations,acceptance testing of procured equipment or systems, commissioning of equipment or facilities, or troubleshooting operations inexisting equipment or facilities.As
38、imulant may be used for single or multiple unit operations. Through the simulant-use definition,the characteristics of the simulant required for development are determined. The characteristics may include chemical, physical,rheological or a combination of these properties. The simulant-use definitio
39、n should identify the key process performance metricsor properties, or both. For example, if pipeline transport of non-buoyant solids in an aqueous liquid is the phenomena beingevaluated, solids properties significant to the process performance can be different than those characteristics for the sam
40、e simulantforming settled sediment that has a yield stress in a vessel, and the associated performance metrics are different. Similarly,significant difference in simulant solid particle performance properties may be required to evaluate waste impact on equipmentassociated with abrasive wear and fret
41、ting. The use of key process performance metrics allows changes in simulant compositionto be evaluated and compared with other compositions and the actual waste. The effect of process chemical additions and recyclestreams must also be assessed.5.2.1.2 The applicable quality assurance requirements sh
42、ould be specified in accordance with the projects quality assuranceprogram. For example in the DOE complex, these requirements often include a QA program that implements ASME NuclearQuality Assurance, NQA-1 (latest revision or as specified by project) and its applicable portions of Part II, Subpart
43、2.7 (latestrevision or as specified by project) or Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Quality Assurance RequirementsDocument: QARD DOE/RW 0333P (latest revision or as specified by project) QA requirements. Simulant-development activitiesthat support regulatory and environmental complian
44、ce-related aspects of a waste-vitrification program may need to be performedin accordance with project quality-assurance requirements for generating environmental regulatory data. The use of simulants forproject testing that is exploratory or scoping in nature may not need to comply with specific QA
45、 requirements.5.2.2 Simulant Composition Definition:C1750 1735.2.2.1 Approaches to simulant-composition development will vary depending on the type of simulant required for testing.Simulant compositions may be based on actual sample characterization data, formulated for specific unit operations, or
46、used forbounding or testing the limits of a process or specific piece of equipment. Key properties that are to be simulated should beidentified as it may be difficult and unnecessary to develop simulants that exactly mimic all actual process stream properties atonce. These key properties may be iden
47、tifiefd based on the key process performance metrics (refer to 5.2.1.1) used to evaluatesimulant performance relative to the phenomenon being investigated.5.2.2.2 Compositions for simulants based on actual waste samples should be defined using the available characterization dataas the starting point
48、 (see Fig. 2). The best available source-term analytical data, including uncertainties, along with a comparisonagainst comparable inventory data, historical process information, or feed vectors must be assessed. This comparison shouldhighlight analytical outlier values that will need to be addressed
49、 for an analyte.5.2.2.3 For simulant compositions that mimic flow sheet streams later in the process (after the best available waste source-termanalytical information on the incoming waste stream is defined), process flow sheet model runs may be required to provideestimates of the additional stream compositions that incorporate recycle streams from other flow sheet unit operations. Flow sheetruns should consider transient behavior of the process in order to provide a range of compositions such that bounding conditionscan be determined. The compositional waste-st
