1、Designation: C1765 16C1765 18Standard Specification forSteel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, andSewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1765; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This specification covers steel fiber reinforced concrete pipe (SFRCP) of internal diameters 12 - 48
3、 in., intended to be usedfor the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.NOTE 1Experience has shown that the successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the pipe strength, the type ofbedding and backfill, the care
4、that the installation conforms to the construction specifications, and provision for adequate inspection at the constructionsite. This specification does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, the relation ship between field load conditions and the strength designationof pipe, or durability
5、 under unusual environmental conditions. These requirements should be included in the project specification.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance
6、 with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standar
7、ds:2A820/A820M Specification for Steel Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteC33C33/C33M Specification for Concrete AggregatesC150C150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC260C260/C260M Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for ConcreteC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Conc
8、reteC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or TileC595C595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related ProductsC989C989/C989M Specif
9、ication for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and MortarsC1017/C1017M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing Flowing ConcreteC1602/C1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement ConcreteE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials3. Terminol
10、ogy3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe not defined in this specification, see Terminology C822.3.2 DServicethe DTest test load divided by a factor of safety of 1.5.3.3 DTestthe load the pipe is required to support in the three-edge bearing test expressed as a D-load.1 T
11、his test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.02 on Reinforced Sewer andCulvert Pipe.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016Oct. 1, 2018. Published December 2016October 2018. Originally approved in 2013. Last previ
12、ous edition approved in 20132016as C1765-13.-16. DOI: 10.1520/C1765-16.10.1520/C1765-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summar
13、y page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends t
14、hat users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
15、 Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Classification4.1 Pipe furnished under this specification shall be designated as Class I, II, III, IV, or V. The corresponding strengthrequirements are prescribed in Table 1. Special designs for pipe strengths not designated in Table 1 are permitted, pr
16、ovided all otherrequirements of this specification are met.5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 The acceptability of the pipe design shall be in accordance with Section 9.5.2 Unless designated by the owner at the time of, or before placing an order, the pipe shall be accepted on the basis of Sections10 and 11,
17、 and such material tests as are required in 7.2, 7.3, and 7.5.5.3 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready for acceptance when they conform to the requirements of thisspecification.6. Design and Manufacturing6.1 The manufacturer shall provide the following information regarding the pipe unle
18、ss waived by the owner:6.1.1 Pipe design strength (DService).6.1.2 Physical CharacteristicsDiameter, wall thickness, laying length, and joint details.6.1.3 Steel Fiber Concrete Compressive StrengthMinimum steel fiber concrete compressive strength equal to 4000 psi.6.1.4 Admixtures.6.1.5 Reinforcemen
19、t:6.1.5.1 Type of reinforcement, applicable reinforcement specification, and grade.6.1.5.2 Percentage of steel fiber reinforcing by volume.6.1.6 Manufacturing and curing process.7. Materials and Manufacture7.1 Materials:7.1.1 Steel Fiber Reinforced ConcreteThe steel fiber reinforced concrete shall c
20、onsist of cementitious materials, mineralaggregates, admixtures, if used, and water, in which steel fibers have been mixed in such a manner that the steel and concrete acttogether to resist stresses.7.2 Cementitious Materials:7.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirements for portland cement o
21、f Specification C150C150/C150M or shall beportland blast-furnace slag cement, portland-limestone cement, or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirements ofSpecification C595C595/C595M, except that the pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland-pozzolan cement shall be fly ash.7.2.2 Fly
22、AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements of Class F or Class C of Specification C618.7.2.3 Slag CementSlag cement shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specification C989C989/C989M.7.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials
23、used in the cement shallbe one of the following:7.2.4.1 Portland cement only,7.2.4.2 Portland blast-furnace slag cement only,7.2.4.3 Portland-pozzolan cement only,7.2.4.4 Portland-limestone cement only,7.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement and fly ash,7.2.4.6 A combin
24、ation of portland cement or portland-limestone cement and slag cement,7.2.4.7 A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone, slag cement and fly ash, or7.2.4.8 A combination of portland pozzolan cement and fly ash.7.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the requirements of Specification C
25、33C33/C33M, except that the requirement forgradation shall not apply.7.4 Admixtures and BlendsThe following admixtures and blends are allowable.7.4.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to Specification C260C260/C260M;TABLE 1 Pipe Strength RequirementsPipe Class DService (lb/linear foot/foot of diam
26、eter)DTest (lb/linear foot/footof diameter)I 800 1200II 1000 1500III 1350 2025IV 2000 3000V 3000 4500C1765 1827.4.2 Chemical admixture conforming to Specification C494/C494M;7.4.3 Chemical admixture for use in producing flowing concrete conforming to Specification C1017/C1017M; and7.4.4 Chemical adm
27、ixture or blend approved by the owner.7.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist of steel fibers conforming to Specification A820/A820M.7.6 WaterWater used in the production of concrete shall be potable or nonpotable water that meets the requirements ofSpecification C1602/C1602M.7.7 Manufact
28、ure:7.7.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitious materials,steel fibers, admixtures, and water as will produce a thoroughly mixed steel fiber concrete of such quality that the pipe will conformto the test and design requirements of
29、 this specification.All concrete shall have a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding0.53 by weight. Cementitious materials shall be as specified in 7.2.7.7.2 ReinforcementSteel reinforcing fibers shall be thoroughly mixed throughout the concrete amalgam. No restriction isplaced on the comb
30、ination or proportion of steel fibers in the finished product, except that pipes manufactured using these materialsand mixture shall comply with the performance requirements of this standard.7.7.3 JointsThe joints shall be of such design and the ends of the concrete pipe sections so formed that when
31、 the sections arelaid together they will make a continuous line of pipe with a smooth interior free of appreciable irregularities in the flow line, allcompatible with the permissible variations given in Section 11.8. Design8.1 DesignThe wall thickness, compressive strength of the concrete, and perce
32、ntage of steel fibers by volume shall besufficient to pass the DTest requirements in Table 1.8.2 Special Classes:8.2.1 If permitted by the owner, the manufacturer may request approval by the owner of a special class of pipe having DTestvalues that differ from those shown in Table 1.8.2.2 Such specia
33、l classes of pipe shall be based on the same design/testing requirements as required for those classes foundin Table 1.9. Proof of Design Testing9.1 Test Equipment and FacilitiesThe manufacturer shall furnish without charge all samples, facilities, and personnelnecessary to carry out the tests requi
34、red by this specification.9.2 Proof of DesignWhen testing for proof of design, the pipe tests shall be conducted in accordance with Test Methods C497.Load on the pipe shall increase continuously until it reaches the ultimate load without collapse due to residual strength providedby the steel-fiber m
35、atrix. The Dult value shall be recorded.9.3 Proof of Bond/Ductility/ToughnessAfter the proof of design test, the pipe shall be immediately unloaded and reloaded inaccordance with Test Method C497. As a verification of bond, ductility, and toughness, the pipe shall be loaded until it reachesthe speci
36、fied service load, DService.NOTE 2This test ensures the fibers have both the anchorage and tensile strength to continue to behave in a ductile, not brittle manner.9.4 Establishment of Pipe Strength:9.4.1 Three to seven representative specimens, of standard production pipe, shall be tested to their u
37、ltimate load, and the resultsrecorded. Using the values obtained in 9.2, compute the values in 9.4.2 and 9.4.3.NOTE 3It is necessary that samples be selected at random. For guidance see Practice E105.9.4.2 Compute the estimated standard deviation, s, by Eq 1 or Eq 2, which equations yield identical
38、values.s 5=Xi 2 X!2#n 2 1! (1)s 5=Xi22Xi!2 n#n 2 1! (2)where:Xi = observed value of the load to develop the ultimate strength,X = average (arithmetic mean) of the values of Xi, andn = number of observed values.9.4.3 Compute the minimum allowable arithmetic mean, Xs. by Eq 3. In Eq 3, the value of th
39、e estimated standard deviation,s, shall be as calculated by Eq 1, or Eq 2, or equal to 0.07 L, whichever is greater.Xs 5L1Sm (3)C1765 183L = specification limit (specified D-load) andSm = modified standard deviation dependent upon sample size (see Table 2).9.4.4 The pipe shall be deemed acceptable i
40、f the arithmetic mean X for the Dult strength value is equal to or greater than Xs.9.5 Sample Testing of Pipe StrengthIf any part of the material or manufacture of the pipe are modified, then the ability of thepipe to meet the required DTest value shall be reestablished in accordance with 9.4. Provi
41、ded there is no change in material ormanufacture of the pipe used to establish the pipe class, pipe shall be periodically tested in accordance with Section 10 for qualityassurance.10. Physical Requirements10.1 The proof of design is as required in accordance with 9.2. The test requirements of this s
42、ection apply to the qualityassurance of pipe production with the pipe being tested to DTest (150 % of the DService).10.2 Test SpecimensThe pipe required for tests shall be furnished by the manufacturer, selected at random, and shall be pipethat would otherwise not be rejected under this specificatio
43、n.10.3 External Load Test StrengthThe load to produce the DTest Load as determined by the three-edge-bearing methoddescribed in the Test Methods C497 shall not be less than that prescribed in Table 1 for each respective class of pipe. It is not arequirement of this section that the pipe be loaded to
44、 its Dult strength. Section 9 does test the pipe to Dult.10.4 Number and Tests Required for Pipe Test LoadThe pipe producer shall perform a three-edge bearing test in accordancewith Test Methods C497 and the provisions in 10.2. The test shall be performed on one pipe per production run, as defined i
45、nTerminology C822, or every 200 pieces of like size and class of pipe, whichever is less.NOTE 4While cracks may occur in steel fiber reinforced concrete pipe, they are not to be considered an indication of overstressed or failed pipeprovided the pipe meets all other performance requirements of this
46、specification.10.5 Retests of PipeIf any pipe fails to pass the three-edge bearing test requirements, then three more pipe shall be selectedat random from the same production run and tested. If all three pipes pass, then the pipe from that production run is acceptable.If any pipe fails to meet the t
47、est requirements, the required tests shall be made on the balance of the order and the pipe shall beaccepted if they conform to the requirements of this specification.10.6 AbsorptionAn annual absorption test shall be perfortned for each mix design for each production process. The absorptionof a samp
48、le from the wall of the pipe, as determined in accordance with Test Methods C497, shall not exceed 9 % of the dry massfor MethodAor 8.5 % for Method B. Each MethodAsample shall have a minimum mass of 2.2 lb (1.0 kg), shall be free of visiblecracks, and shall represent the full wall thickness of the
49、pipe. When the initial absorption sample from the pipe fails to conformto this specification, the absorption test shall be made on another sample from the same pipe and the results of the retest shall besubstituted for the original test results.CONCRETE TESTING10.7 Type of SpecimenCompression tests for determining steel fiber concrete compressive strength shall be allowed to bemade on either concrete cylinders or on cores drilled from the pipe.10.8 Compression Testing of Cylinders:10.8.1 Cylinder ProductionCylinders shall be
