1、Designation: C1836 16Standard Classification forFiber Reinforced Carbon-Carbon Composite Structures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1836; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This classification covers fiber reinforced carbon-carbon(C-C) composite structures (flat plates, rectangular bars, roundrods, and
3、 tubes) manufactured specifically for structural com-ponents. The carbon-carbon composites consist of carbon/graphite fibers (from PAN, pitch, or rayon precursors) in acarbon/graphite matrix produced by liquid infiltration/pyrolysis or by chemical vapor infiltration, or both.1.2 The classification s
4、ystem provides a means of identify-ing and organizing different C-C composites, based on the fibertype, architecture class, matrix densification, physicalproperties, and mechanical properties. The system provides atop-level identification system for grouping different types ofC-C composites into dif
5、ferent classes and provides a means ofidentifying the general structure and properties of a given C-Ccomposite. It is meant to assist the ceramics community indeveloping, selecting, and using C-C composites with theappropriate composition, construction, and properties for aspecific application.1.3 T
6、he classification system produces a classification codefor a given C-C composite, which shows the type of fiber,reinforcement architecture, matrix type, fiber volume fraction,density, porosity, and tensile strength and modulus (roomtemperature).1.3.1 For example, Carbon-Carbon Composites Classifica-
7、tion Code, C3-A2C-4C2*-32classification of a carbon-carbon composite material/component (C3) with PAN basedcarbon fiber (A)ina2D(2) fiber architecture with a CVI matrix(C), a fiber volume of 45 % (4), a bulk density of 1.5 g/cc (C),an open porosity less than 2 % (2*), an average ultimate tensilestre
8、ngth of 360 MPa (3), and an average tensile modulus of 35GPa (2).1.4 This classification system is a top level identificationtool which uses a limited number of composite properties forhigh level classification. It is not meant to be a complete,detailed material specification, because it does not co
9、ver thefull range of composition, architecture, physical, mechanical,fabrication, and durability requirements commonly defined in afull design specification. Guide C1783 provides extensive anddetailed direction and guidance in preparing a complete mate-rial specification for a given C-C composite co
10、mponent.1.5 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to e
11、stablish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and RelatedProductsC559 Test Method for Bulk Density by Physical Measure-ments of Manufactured C
12、arbon and Graphite ArticlesC709 Terminology Relating to Manufactured Carbon andGraphiteC838 Test Method for Bulk Density of As-ManufacturedCarbon and Graphite ShapesC1039 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Apparent Spe-cific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Graphite ElectrodesC1198 Test Method for Dyna
13、mic Youngs Modulus, ShearModulus, and Poissons Ratio for Advanced Ceramics bySonic ResonanceC1259 Test Method for Dynamic Youngs Modulus, ShearModulus, and Poissons Ratio for Advanced Ceramics byImpulse Excitation of VibrationC1275 Test Method for Monotonic Tensile Behavior ofContinuous Fiber-Reinfo
14、rced Advanced Ceramics withSolid Rectangular Cross-Section Test Specimens at Am-bient TemperatureC1773 Test Method for Monotonic Axial Tensile Behaviorof Continuous Fiber-ReinforcedAdvanced Ceramic Tubu-lar Test Specimens at Ambient Temperature1This classsfication is under the jurisdiction of ASTM C
15、ommittee C28 onAdvanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.07 onCeramic Matrix Composites.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2016. Published March 2016. DOI: 10.1520/C1836-162For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service
16、 at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1C1783 Guide for Development of Specifications fo
17、r FiberReinforced Carbon-Carbon Composite Structures forNuclear ApplicationsD3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethodsD6507 Practice for Fiber Reinforcement Orientation Codesfor Composite MaterialsE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechan
18、ical TestingE111 Test Method for Youngs Modulus, Tangent Modulus,and Chord ModulusE1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-ReinforcedPolymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases (With-drawn 2015)33. Terminology3.1 General DefinitionsMany of the terms in this classi-fication are defined in the term
19、inology standards for graphitearticles (C709), composite materials (D3878), fabrics andfabric test methods (D4850), and mechanical testing (E6).3.1.1 apparent porosity, nthe volume fraction of all pores,voids, and channels within a solid mass that are interconnectedwith each other and communicate wi
20、th the external surface,and thus are measurable by gas or liquid penetration. (Syn-onym open porosity) C2423.1.2 braided fabric, na woven structure produced byinterlacing three or more ends of yarns in a manner such thatthe paths of the yarns are diagonal to the vertical axis of thefabric.3.1.2.1 Di
21、scussionBraided structures can have 2D or 3Darchitectures. D48503.1.3 bulk density, nthe mass of a unit volume of materialincluding both permeable and impermeable voids. C5593.1.4 fabric, nin textiles, a planar structure consisting ofyarns or fibers. D48503.1.5 fiber, na fibrous form of matter with
22、an aspect ratio10 and an effective diameter 2200C regardless of any resultantcrystallinity. The use of the term graphitization without report-ing confirmation of long range three dimensional crystallo-graphic order determined by diffraction studies should beavoided, as it can be misleading. C7093.1.
23、10 hybrid, nfor composite materials, containing atleast two distinct types of matrix or reinforcement. Each matrixor reinforcement type can be distinct because of its (a) physicalor mechanical properties, or both, (b) material form, or (c)chemical composition. D38783.1.11 knitted fabric, na fiber st
24、ructure produced by inter-looping one or more ends of yarn or comparable material.D48503.1.12 laminate, nany fiber- or fabric-reinforced compos-ite consisting of laminae (plies) with one or more orientationswith respect to some reference direction. D38783.1.13 lay-up, na process or fabrication invol
25、ving theplacement of successive layers of materials in specified se-quence and orientation. D6507, E13093.1.14 matrix, nthe continuous constituent of a compositematerial, which surrounds or engulfs the embedded reinforce-ment in the composite and acts as the load transfer mechanismbetween the discre
26、te reinforcement elements. D38783.1.15 ply, nin 2D laminar composites, the constituentsingle layer as used in fabricating, or occurring within, acomposite structure. D38783.1.16 tow, nin fibrous composites, a continuous, orderedassembly of essentially parallel, collimated continuousfilaments, normal
27、ly without twist. (Synonym roving) D38783.1.17 unidirectional composite, nany fiber reinforcedcomposite with all fibers aligned in a single direction. D38783.1.18 woven fabric, na fabric structure produced by theinterlacing, in a specific weave pattern, of tows or yarnsoriented in two or more direct
28、ions.3.1.18.1 DiscussionThere are a large variety of 2D weavestyles, e.g., plain, satin, twill, basket, crowfoot, etc.3.1.19 yarn, nin fibrous composites, a continuous, orderedassembly of essentially parallel, collimated filaments, normallywith twist, and of either discontinuous or continuous filame
29、nts.3.1.19.1 single yarn, nan end in which each filamentfollows the same twist. D38783.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 1D, 2D, and 3D reinforcement, na description of theorientation and distribution of the reinforcing fibers and yarnsin a composite.3.2.1.1 DiscussionIn a 1D st
30、ructure, all of the fibers are3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.C1836 162oriented in a single longitudinal (x) direction. In a 2D structure,all of the fibers lie in the x-y planes of the plate or bar or in thecircumferential shells (axial and circumf
31、erential directions) ofthe rod or tube with no fibers aligned in the z or radialdirections. In a 3D structure, the structure has fiber reinforce-ment in the x-y planes and in the z-direction in the plate or barand in the axial, circumferential, and radial directions in a tubeor rod.3.2.2 axial tensi
32、le strength, nfor a composite tube or solidround rod, the tensile strength along the long axis of the rod ortube. For a composite flat plate or rectangular bar, the tensilestrength along the primary structural axis/direction.3.2.3 carbon-carbon composite, na ceramic matrix com-posite in which the re
33、inforcing phase consists of continuouscarbon/graphite filaments in the form of fiber, continuous yarn,or a woven or braided fabric contained within a continuousmatrix of carbon/graphite. (1-6)43.2.4 carbon fibers, ninorganic fibers with a primary(90 %) elemental carbon composition. These fibers are
34、pro-duced by the high temperature pyrolysis of organic precursorfibers (commonly, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), pitch, and rayon) inan inert atmosphere. (Synonym graphite fibers) (7, 8)3.2.4.1 DiscussionThe term carbon is often used inter-changeably with “graphite“; however, carbon fibers and graph-ite f
35、ibers differ in the temperature at which the fibers are madeand heat-treated, the amount of elemental carbon produced,and the resulting crystal structure of the carbon. Carbon fiberstypically are carbonized at about 2400F (1300C) and assay at93 to 95 % carbon, while graphite fibers are graphitized a
36、t 3450to 5450F (1900 to 3000C) and assay at more than 99 %elemental carbon. (7, 8)3.2.5 chemical vapor deposition or infiltration, na chemi-cal process in which a solid material is deposited on a substrateor in a porous preform through the decomposition or thereaction of gaseous precursors.3.2.5.1 D
37、iscussionChemical vapor deposition is com-monly done at elevated temperatures in a controlled atmo-sphere.3.2.6 infiltration and pyrolysis densification, nin carbonmatrix composites, a matrix production and densificationprocess in which a liquid organic precursor (thermosettingresin or pitch) is inf
38、iltrated/impregnated into the porous per-form or the partially porous composite. The organic precursoris then pyrolyzed in an inert atmosphere to convert the organicto a carbon form with the desired purity and crystal structure.The infiltration/pyrolysis process may be iteratively repeated tofill th
39、e porosity and build up the density in the composite.3.2.7 primary structural axis, nin a composite flat plate orrectangular bar, the directional axis defined by the loadingaxis/direction with the highest required tensile strength. This iscommonly the axis with the highest fiber loading. This primar
40、ystructural axis may not be parallel with the longest dimensionalaxis of the plate/bar/structure.3.2.8 pyrolysis, nin carbon matrix composites, the con-trolled thermal process in which the hydrocarbon precursor isdecomposed to elemental carbon in an inert atmosphere.(Synonym carbonization)3.2.8.1 Di
41、scussionPyrolysis commonly results in weightloss and the release of hydrogen and hydrocarbon vapors.3.2.9 rectangular bar, na solid straight rod with a rectan-gular cross-section, geometrically defined by a width, athickness, and long axis length.3.2.10 round rod, na solid, straight elongated cylind
42、er,geometrically defined by a outer diameter and an axial length.3.2.11 round tube, na hollow elongated cylinder, geo-metrically defined by a outer diameter, an inner diameter, andan axial length.3.2.12 surface seal coatings, nan inorganic protectivecoating applied to the outer surface of a C-C comp
43、ositecomponent to protect against high temperature oxidation orcorrosion or to improve wear and abrasion resistance. Suchcoatings are commonly hard, impermeable ceramic coatings.4. Significance and Use4.1 Composite materials consist by definition of a reinforce-ment phase/s in a matrix phase/s. The
44、composition andstructure of these constituents in the composites are commonlytailored for a specific application with detailed performancerequirements. For fiber reinforced carbon-carbon compositesthe tailoring involves the selection of the reinforcement fibers(composition, properties, morphology, i
45、nterface coatings etc),the matrix (composition, properties, and morphology), thecomposite structure (component fractions, reinforcementarchitecture, interface coatings, porosity structure,microstructure, etc.), and the fabrication conditions (assembly,forming, densification, finishing, etc.). The fi
46、nal engineeringproperties (physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, etc) canbe tailored across a broad range with major directional anisot-ropy in the properties. (9-12)4.2 This classification system assists the designer/user/producer in identifying and organizing different types of C-Ccomposites
47、(based on fibers, matrix, architecture, physicalproperties, and mechanical properties) for structural applica-tions. It assists the composites community in developing,selecting, and using C-C composites with the appropriatecomposition, construction, and properties for a specific appli-cation.4.3 Thi
48、s classification system is a top level identificationtool which uses a limited number of composites properties forhigh level classification. It is not meant to be a complete,detailed material specification, because it does not cover thefull range of composition, architecture, physical, mechanical,fa
49、brication, and durability requirements commonly defined in afull design specification. Guide C1783 provides direction andguidance in preparing a complete material specification for agiven C-C composite component.5. Carbon-Carbon Composites5.1 Carbon-carbon composites are composed of carbon/graphite fiber reinforcement in a carbon/graphite matrix. The4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.C1836 163combination of fibers and carbon matrix, the fiber architecture(the shape and
