1、Designation: C188 15C188 16 American Association StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T133Standard Test Method forDensity of Hydraulic Cement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigi
2、nal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department o
3、f Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is in connection withthe design and control of concrete mixtures.1.2 The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the mass of a unit volume of the solids.1.3 The values sta
4、ted in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 WarningFresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue uponprolonged exposure.21.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the sa
5、fety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C114 Test Methods for Chemical An
6、alysis of Hydraulic CementC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete AggregatesC604 Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials by Gas-Comparison PycnometerC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD2638 Test Method
7、 for Real Density of Calcined Petroleum Coke by Helium Pycnometer3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology C125.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method provides a procedure for the determination of density of hydraulic cement samples usi
8、ng non-instrumentaltechniques.5. Apparatus5.1 Le Chatelier flaskThe standard flask, which is circular in cross section, with shape and dimensions conforming essentiallyto Fig. 1 (Note). The requirements in regard to tolerance, inscription and length, spacing, and uniformity of graduation will berigi
9、dly observed. There shall be a space of at least 10 mm between the highest graduation mark and the lowest point of grindingfor the glass stopper.5.1.1 The material of construction shall be excellent quality glass, transparent and free of striae. The glass shall be chemicallyresistant and shall have
10、small thermal hysteresis. The flasks shall be thoroughly annealed before being graduated. They shall beof sufficient thickness to ensure reasonable resistance to breakage.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 on Cement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01
11、.25 on Fineness.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015Dec. 15, 2016. Published October 2015December 2016. Originally approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 20142015as C188 14. 15. DOI: 10.1520/C0188-15.10.1520/C0188-16.2 Section on Safety, Manual of Cement Testing, Annual Book of ASTM St
12、andards, Vol. 04.01.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and
13、 is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only t
14、he current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.1.2 The neck shall be
15、graduated from 0 to 1 mL and from 18 to 24 mL in 0.1-mL graduations. The error of any indicatedcapacity shall not be greater than 0.05 mL.5.1.3 Each flask shall bear a permanent identification number and the stopper, if not interchangeably ground, shall bear the samenumber. Interchangeable ground-gl
16、ass parts shall be marked on both members with the standard-taper symbol, followed by the sizedesignation. The standard temperature shall be indicated, and the unit of capacity shall be shown by the letters “mL” placed abovethe highest graduation mark.5.2 Kerosine, free of water, or naphtha, having
17、a density greater than 0.73 g/mL at 23 6 2C shall be used in the densitydetermination.5.3 The use of alternative equipment or methods for determining density is permitted provided that a single operator can obtainresults within 60.03 g/cm3 of the results obtained using the flask method.NOTE 1The des
18、ign is intended to ensure complete drainage of the flask when emptied, and stability of standing on a level surface, as well as accuracyand precision of reading.5.3.1 The following alternative methods using helium for density determination are permitted:5.3.1.1 The methodology as described in Test M
19、ethod C604. Sections of the standard relating to grinding the sample shall beomitted because cement is already a powder.5.3.1.2 The methodology as described in Test Method D2638. Sections of the standard relating to grinding the sample shall beomitted because cement is already a powder.6. Procedure6
20、.1 Determine the density of cement on the material as received, unless otherwise specified. If the density determination on aloss-free sample is required, first ignite the sample as described in the loss on ignition section on Portland Cement of Test MethodsC114.6.2 Fill the flask (Note 2) with eith
21、er of the liquids specified in 5.2 to a point on the stem between the 0 and the 1-mL mark.Dry the inside of the flask above the level of the liquid, if necessary, after pouring.Weigh the flask, containing the liquid, and recordthe mass, Ma, to the nearest 0.05 g. Record the first reading of liquid h
22、eight after the flask has been immersed in the water bath(Note 3) in accordance with 6.4.NOTE 2It is advisable to use a rubber pad on the table top when filling or rolling the flask.NOTE 3Before the cement has been added to the flask, a loose-fitting, lead-ring weight around the stem of the flask wi
23、ll be helpful in holding theflask in an upright position in the water bath, or the flask may be held in the water bath by a buret clamp.NoteVariations of a few millimetres in such dimensions as total height of flask, diameter of base, and so forth, are to be expected and will not be considered suffi
24、cientcause for rejection. The dimensions of the flask shown in Fig. 1 apply only to new flasks and not to flasks in use which meet the other requirements of this test method.FIG. 1 Le Chatelier Flask for Density TestC188 1626.3 Introduce a quantity of cement in small increments at the same temperatu
25、re as the liquid (Note 2) sufficient to bring theliquid level in its final position to some point within the upper series of graduation (Note 4). Take care to avoid splashing and seethat the cement does not adhere to the inside of the flask above the liquid (Note 5).Avibrating apparatus may be used
26、to acceleratethe introduction of the cement into the flask and to prevent the cement from sticking to the neck. After all the cement has beenintroduced, weigh the flask again to the nearest 0.05 g and record the mass, Mt. Then, place the stopper in the flask and roll theflask in an inclined position
27、 (Note 2), or gently whirl it in a horizontal circle, so as to free entrapped air from the cement until nofurther air bubbles rise to the surface of the liquid. Take the final reading after the flask has been immersed in the water bath inaccordance with 6.4.NOTE 4The amount of cement required will t
28、ypically be about 64 g for Portland cement, and somewhat less for other types of cements.NOTE 5Using funnels to introduce the powder can help in ensuring that all particles are introduced without spillage while minimizing their adherenceto the top inside portion of the flask.6.4 Immerse the flask in
29、 a constant-temperature water bath for sufficient periods of time in order to avoid flask temperaturevariations greater than 0.2C between the initial and the final readings.7. Calculation7.1 The difference between the first and the final readings represents the volume of liquid displaced by the mass
30、 of cement usedin the test.7.2 Calculation of the cement density:7.2.1 Calculate the mass of cement used in testing, Mc:Mc = Mt2Ma (1)Where:Mc = Mass of cement used, g,Mt = Mass of the flask, g, containing the liquid and the cement (see 6.3), andMa = Mass of the flask, g, with the liquid to the firs
31、t set of graduation (see 6.2).7.2.2 Calculate the cement density, , as follows: 5 McVwhere: = density of cement, g/cm3,Mc = mass of cement as calculated under 7.2.1, g, andV = displaced volume of liquid, cm3.NOTE 6The displaced volume in millilitres is numerically equal to the displaced volume in cu
32、bic centimetres.NOTE 7Calculate the cement density, , to three decimal places and round to the nearest 0.01 g/cm3.NOTE 8In connection with proportioning and control of concrete mixtures, density may be more usefully expressed as specific gravity, the latter beinga dimensionless number. Calculate the
33、 specific gravity (sp gr) as follows:sp gr = cement density/water density at 4C(where the density of water at 4C 1 g cm3).8. Precision and Bias8.1 The single-operator standard deviation for portland cements has been found to be 0.012.4 Therefore, the results of twoproperly conducted tests by the sam
34、e operator on the same material should not differ by more than 0.03.8.2 The multilaboratory standard deviation for portland cements has been found to be 0.037.4 Therefore, the results of twoproperly conducted tests from two different laboratories on samples of the same cement should not differ by mo
35、re than 0.10.48.3 Since there is no accepted reference material suitable for determining any bias that might be associated with this test method,no statement on bias is being made.9. Keywords9.1 density; hydraulic cement; specific gravity4 These numbers represent the 1s and d2s limits described in P
36、ractice C670.C188 163SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C188 15)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Dec. 15, 2016.)(1) Added 5.3.1 5.3.1.2.SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C01 has identified the location o
37、f selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C188 14)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Oct. 1, 2015.)(1) Revised 6.2, 6.3, and 7.2.(2) Added Notes 4 and 5, and 7.2.1 and 7.2.2.Committee C01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last
38、 issue (C18809)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved July 1, 2014.)(1) Added 1.5, Sections 3 and 4.(2) Revised 5.3, 7.2, and Note 6.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of
39、 this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five
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41、mittee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1
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