1、Designation:C404(Reapproved 2009)Standard Specification forClay Drain Tile and Perforated Clay Drain Tile1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 4; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification establishes the criteria for a
3、cceptance,prior to installation, of drain tile and perforated drain tile to beused for underdrainage, filter fields, leaching fields, and similarsubdrainage installations.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversi
4、ons to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to theTest Methods portion of this specification: This standard doesnot purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,associated with its use. It is the
5、 responsibility of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety and health practicesand determine the applicability of regulatory limitations priorto use.NOTE 1Attention is called to Test Methods C 301 and TerminologyC 896.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 301 Test Methods for
6、 Vitrified Clay PipeC 896 Terminology Relating to Clay Products3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Clay, fire clay, shale, and surface clay are as definedin Terminology C 896.3.1.2 Within this specification, the terms tile, drain tile, andclay drain tile are synonyms.4. Classification4.1 Four classe
7、s of clay drain tile are specified:4.1.1 Standard.4.1.2 Extra Quality.4.1.3 Heavy Duty.4.1.4 Extra Strength.4.2 Drain tile of a higher strength classification than thatspecified by the purchaser may be furnished by the seller,provided the substituted drain tile meets the physical require-ments of th
8、e class specified.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Drain tile shall be manufactured from clay, fire clay,shale, surface clay, or a combination of these materials, that,when formed into tile and fired to suitable temperatures, yieldsa product that conforms to this specification.6. Physical Properties6
9、.1 Drain tile shall meet the physical test requirements forthe class, as specified in Table 1.6.2 The maximum water absorption (5-h boiling) shall be asfollows:Average, % Individual, %Standard 13 16Extra Quality 11 13Heavy Duty 11 13Extra Strength 11 136.3 The requirements for water absorption (5h b
10、oiling)shall be waived, provided that test specimens meet the require-ments of the freezing and thawing test, Section 13, of thisspecification7. Sizes and Perforations7.1 The size of drain tile shall be designated by insidediameter. Not all sizes and strengths may be available from allmanufacturers.
11、7.2 The minimum length of drain tile smaller than 10 in.(255 mm) diameter shall be approximately 12 in. (305 mm).7.3 The length of drain tile 10 in. (255 mm) through 30 in.(760 mm) diameter shall be not less than 112 times theirdiameter.7.4 PerforationsPerforations shall be circular and cleanlycut t
12、hrough the tile wall. They shall be arranged in rowsparallel to the longitudinal axis of the tile. The minimumnumber of rows of perforations shall be as shown in Table 2.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C04 onVitrified Clay Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subc
13、ommittee C04.20 onMethods of Test and Specifications.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. Originallyapproved in 1914. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C4041.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at ser
14、viceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.7.4.1 Where two rows of perforations are used, the row
15、sshall be separated by an arc of 90 6 15.7.4.2 Where four rows of perforations are used, the rowsshall be symmetrical around a vertical centerline. The lower-most rows of perforations shall be separated by an arc of 90 610, and the uppermost rows shall be separated by an arc of notover 160 measured
16、around the lower part of the tile (Fig. 1).7.4.3 If more than four rows of perforations are used, thespacing of rows shall be uniform between the limits in 7.4.2.7.4.4 The purchaser shall specify the desired perforationdiameter option of: (1)14 6116 in. (6.4 6 1.6 mm) or (2)12618 in. (13 6 3.2 mm),
17、and the number of rows ofperforations.7.4.5 Perforations shall not be spaced more than approxi-mately 3 in. (76 mm) center-to-center along the rows.8. Workmanship and Finish8.1 Drain tile shall be free of cracks, checks, or chips thatdecrease the strength.8.2 Drain tile shall conform to the permissi
18、ble dimensionalvariations in Table 3.8.3 Plain-end tile shall be furnished unless otherwise speci-fied by the purchaser.8.3.1 The ends of plain-end tile shall be sufficiently squareas to make close joints.9. Sampling and Testing9.1 Tile shall be sampled and tested in accordance withSections 11 throu
19、gh 13.9.2 For test purposes, full-size drain tile shall be selected bythe purchaser or his authorized representative. Tile shall berepresentative of the lot from which they are selected. Theplace or places of selection shall be designated when thepurchase order is issued. The manufacturer or seller
20、shallfurnish test tile without charge.9.3 Each tile shall be individually marked so that it isidentifiable within the testing period.TABLE 1 Physical Test Requirements for Clay Drain TileInternalDiameterof Tile,in.Standard Extra Quality Heavy Duty Extra StrengthMinimum Crushing Strength,Albf/linear
21、ft (kN/m)Minimum Crushing Strength,Albf/linear ft (kN/m)Minimum Crushing Strength,Albf/linear ft (kN/m)Minimum Crushing Strength,Albf/linear ft (kN/m)Average Individual Average Individual Average Individual Average Individual312 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1400 (20) 1260 (18) 2000 (29) 1800
22、 (26)4 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1400 (20) 1260 (18) 2000 (29) 1800 (26)5 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1400 (20) 1260 (18) 2000 (29) 1800 (26)6 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1400 (20) 1260 (18) 2000 (29) 1800 (26)8 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1500 (22) 1350 (20) 21
23、40 (31) 1920 (28)10 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1550 (23) 1400 (20) 2200 (32) 1980 (29)12 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1700 (25) 1530 (22) 2420 (35) 2170 (32)14 840 (12) 720 (11) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1850 (27) 1660 (24) 2640 (39) 2370 (35)15 870 (13) 740 (11) 1150 (17) 1030 (15) 1980
24、(29) 1780 (26) 2800 (41) 2620 (38)16 . . . . . . 1200 (18) 1080 (16) 2100 (31) 1890 (28) 3000 (44) 2700 (39)18 . . . . . . 1300 (19) 1170 (17) 2340 (34) 2100 (31) 3300 (48) 2970 (43)21 . . . . . . 1450 (21) 1300 (19) 2680 (39) 2410 (35) . . . . . .24 . . . . . . 1600 (23) 1440 (21) 3000 (44) 2700 (3
25、9) . . . . . .27 . . . . . . 1800 (26) 1620 (24) 3330 (49) 3000 (44) . . . . . .30 . . . . . . 2000 (29) 1800 (26) 3590 (52) 3230 (47) . . . . . .AStrengths of sizes not listed may be interpolated between tabular values of sizes and strengths of the nearest listed diameters.TABLE 2 Number of Perfora
26、tions per Row for Perforated Clay Drain TileNominal Lengths of Tile, ft (m)Tile Size Diameter, in.(mm)Minimum Number ofRows ofPerforations1 (0.31) 112 (0.46) 2 (0.61) 212 (0.76) 3 (0.92)Minimum Number of Perforations per Row312 , 4, 5, 6 (89, 100, 125,150)4 35791312 , 4, 5, 6 (89, 100, 125,150)25811
27、358, 10, 12 (205, 255, 305) 4 3579114 to 18 (355 to 455) 6 . . . 5 7 9 11FIG. 1 Spacing of Four Rows of PerforationsC404(2009)210. Basis of Acceptance10.1 Acceptability of nonperforated drain tile is determinedby compliance with the requirements of Table 1, Table 3, andthe inspection requirements of
28、 Section 14.10.2 Acceptability of perforated drain tile is determined bycompliance with the requirements of Tables 1-3 and theinspection requirements of Section 14.TEST METHODS11. Crushing Strength Test11.1 Test Samples:11.1.1 Test tile shall be sound, full size, and selected by thepurchaser or his
29、representative.11.1.2 The number of tile to be tested shall not exceed 0.5 %of the number of tile of each size furnished, except that no lessthan five tile of each size shall be tested.11.2 Loading Apparatus (see Fig. 2):11.2.1 Testing Machine:11.2.1.1 The loading apparatus may consist of any mechan
30、i-cally driven or hand-powered device that is capable of applyingthe necessary loads, with upper and lower bearings capable oftransmitting these loads to the tile. The bearings shall bebearing beams and contact edges.11.2.1.2 Any device that is capable of applying a load at auniform rate, from 500 t
31、o 2000 lbf/linear ftmin (7.3 to 29KN/linear mmin) of tile length, may be used for making thetest.11.2.1.3 The testing machine shall be sufficiently rigid sothat the load distribution will not be appreciably affected by thedeformation or yielding of any part. The machine and bearingsshall be construc
32、ted to transmit the load in a vertical planethrough the longitudinal axes of the bearings and tile. Thebearings shall be attached to the machine so as to receive anduniformly transmit the loads required in the tests, withoutvibration or shock.11.2.1.4 The loading apparatus shall provide means fordet
33、ermination of load with an accuracy of at least 98 % andcapable of retaining the loading information that results in thecrushing strength determination.11.2.2 Bearing BeamsBearing beams shall be no less thanthe length of the barrel of the tile. Built-up bearing beams maybe used, provided their defle
34、ction does not exceed that speci-fied. In order for the bell or socket of the tile, if applicable, toclear the bearing beams, it is recommended that the bearingbeams be faced with a metal or hardwood member for affixingthe contact edges.11.2.3 Three-Edge Bearings:11.2.3.1 Three-edge bearings shall c
35、onsist of an uppermember, comprised of a bearing beam on which one contactedge is located so that it lies in the vertical plane passingthrough the longitudinal axis of the tile, and a lower membercomprised of a bearing beam on which two contact edges aresymmetrically located parallel to that vertica
36、l plane.11.2.3.2 The contact edges shall consist of rubber stripsalone or hardwood strips with plaster of paris fillets. Contactedges shall uniformly contact the outside of the tile.11.2.3.3 The two contact edges on the lower member shallbe spaced apart approximately 1 in./ft (83 mm/m) of tilediamet
37、er, but in no case less than 1 in. (25 mm).11.2.3.4 Positioning strips may be used to align the uppercontact edge and to align and space the lower contact edges. Inthe case of rubber contact edges, positioning strips shall notexceed one half of the thickness of the contact edge and mayremain in plac
38、e.11.2.3.5 If rubber strips are used as contact edges, they shallbe cut or formed from a material having a Shore A, instanta-neous, durometer hardness between 45 and 60. The strips shallbe of rectangular cross section, having a 2-in. (51-mm) width,and a thickness not less than 1 in. (25 mm) nor more
39、 than 112in. (38 mm). The contact edges shall be used with the 2-in. (51mm). dimension in contact with the bearing beam. Rubbercontact edges may be attached to the bearing beam by anadhesive, provided the contact edge remains firmly fixed inposition.TABLE 3 Permissible Variations in DimensionsPhysic
40、al Properties SpecifiedStandard Extra Quality, Heavy Duty,and Extra StrengthPermissible variation of average diameter below specified diameter, % 3 3Permissible variation between maximum and minimum diameters of same tile, percentageof wall thickness75 65Permissible variation of average length of ti
41、le sampled below manufacturers specifiedlength, %33Permissible variation from straightness, percentage of length 3 3Permissible thickness of exterior blisters, lumps, and flakes, percentage of wall thickness 20 15Permissible diameters of blisters, lumps, and flakes, percent of inside diameter 15 10F
42、IG. 2 Loading ApparatusC404(2009)311.2.3.6 If hardwood strips with plaster of paris fillets areused as contact edges, the strips shall be straight and have across section not less than 1 in. (25 mm) in either direction.Thebottom contact edges shall have vertical sides, with the interiortop corners h
43、aving a radius of approximately12 in. (13 mm).The contact edges shall be securely fastened to the beams.11.2.3.7 Plaster of paris fillets shall be cast on hardwoodcontact edges to provide uniform bearing contact on the outsideof the tile. Fillets shall be cast on the two lower contact edgesand on th
44、e upper contact edge, along the tile crown. Sufficientexcess plaster shall be removed from between the two lowercontact edges to eliminate the possibility of a single continuouslower contact. The tile and contact edges shall be joined whilethe plaster of paris is still workable. Testing shall be per
45、formedonly after the fillets have set.11.3 Procedure:11.3.1 Immerse tile, 12-in. (305-mm) diameter and smaller,in water for at least 1 h and not more than 2 h immediatelyprior to testing. Tile with diameters larger than 12 in. (305 mm)may be tested without wetting, but shall not be dried except asma
46、y occur in complying with the provisions of 11.3.2.11.3.2 No tile specimen shall be exposed to temperatureslower than 40F (4.4C) from the start of wetting until tested.Frozen tile shall be completely thawed before testing.11.3.3 Strength tests are to be made by the three edgebearing method.11.3.4 Ce
47、nter all bearings and test tile accurately for sym-metrical distribution of load.11.3.5 Apply load as continuously as testing equipmentpermits until the tile fails.11.3.6 Record the load at which failure occurs.11.4 Calculation and ReportCalculate and report theresults of individual strength tests a
48、nd the average in pounds-force per linear foot (or newtons per linear metre) of tile.12. Absorption Test12.1 Test Specimens:12.1.1 All absorption test tile specimens shall be sound,solid pieces of tile. They shall be free of observable cracks orshattered edges and shall not have laminations and fiss
49、uresmore than is typical of the tile from which they are taken.12.1.2 Test specimens shall consist of segments taken fromeach of the tile broken in the crushing strength test, and theyshall be selected in accordance with the following provisions:12.1.3 For tile with nominal inside diameters of 12 in. (305mm) or less, and nominal lengths of 12 in., a “standard sample”shall consist of one full-length quarter segment taken fromeach of the tile broken in the strength test. A quarter segmentis meant to be one of the four pieces into which a tile usuallybreaks in t
