1、Designation: C 497 05Standard Test Methods forConcrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or Tile1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 497; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover testing of concrete pipe,manhole sec
3、tions, and tile. The test methods described are usedin production testing and acceptance testing to evaluate theproperties provided for in the specifications.1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:SectionExternal Load Crushing Strength 4Flat Slab Top 5Core Strength 6Absorption 7Hydrostat
4、ic 8PermeabilityManhole Step910Cylinder Strength 11Gasket Lubricant 12Joint Shear 13Alkalinity 14Gasket Measurements 151.3 The test specimens shall not have been exposed to atemperature below 40F for the 24 h immediately precedingthe test.1.4 If any test specimen fails because of mechanical reasonss
5、uch as failure of testing equipment or improper specimenpreparation, it shall be discarded and another specimen taken.1.5 Specimens shall be selected in accordance with thespecifications for the type of pipe or tile being tested.1.6 A complete metric companion to Test Methods C 497has been developed
6、C 497M; therefore, no metric equivalentsare presented in these methods.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine th
7、e applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 31/C 31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC 39/C 39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cy-lindrical Concrete SpecimensC 42/C 42M Test Method for Obtaining and T
8、esting DrilledCores and Sawed Beams of ConcreteC 617 Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Speci-mensC 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC 822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC 1231/C 1231M Practice for Use
9、 of Unbonded Caps inDetermination of Compressive Strength of Hardened Con-crete CylindersD 2240 Test Method for Rubber Property-Durometer Hard-nessE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to con-crete pipe, see Terminology
10、C 822.4. External Load Crushing Strength Test by the Three-Edge Bearing Test Method4.1 Summary of Test MethodThe test specimen is tested ina machine designed to apply a crushing force upon thespecimen in a plane through the vertical axis extending alongthe length of the specimen.4.2 Significance and
11、 UseThe crushing test shall be eithera quality control test performed to establish that the finished,shippable pipe has sufficient strength to withstand the crushing1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
12、C13.09 on Methodsof Test.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originallyapproved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C 497 04e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annua
13、l Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.loads stated in the specifications or a proof of design testperformed to prov
14、e the adequacy of design.4.3 Apparatus:4.3.1 The testing machine shall be of any type of sufficientcapacity and shall be capable of providing the rate of loadingprescribed in 4.5.3.4.3.2 The testing machine shall be substantial and rigidthroughout, so that the distribution of the load will not beaff
15、ected appreciably by the deformation or yielding of any part.4.3.3 The three-edge-bearing method of loading shall beused. The test specimen shall be supported on a lower bearingof two parallel longitudinal strips and the load applied throughan upper bearing (Figs. 1-4). At the option of the manufact
16、urer,either or both the lower bearing and the upper bearing shallextend the full length or any portion of the length of thespecimen. Fig. 54.3.4 The lower bearings shall consist of wood or hardrubber strips. Wooden strips shall be straight, have a crosssection of not less than 2 in. in width and not
17、 less than 1 in. normore than 112 in. in height and shall have the top inside cornersrounded to a radius of12 in. Hard rubber strips shall have adurometer hardness of not less than 45 nor more than 60. Theyshall be rectangular in cross section, having a width of not lessthan 2 in., a thickness of no
18、t less than 1 in. nor more than 112in., and shall have the top inside corner rounded to a radius of12 in.4.3.5 The lower bearing strips shall be fastened to a woodenor steel beam or directly to a concrete base, any of which shallprovide sufficient rigidity so that deflection is not greater than1720
19、of the specimen length when the maximum load is applied.The rigid base shall be at least 6 in. wide. The interior verticalsides of the strips shall be parallel and spaced a distance apartof not more than 1 in./ft of specimen diameter, but in no caseless than 1 in. The bearing faces of the lower stri
20、ps shall notvary from a straight line vertically or horizontally by more than132 in./ft of length under no load.4.3.6 The upper bearing shall be a rigid wood beam with orwithout an attached hard rubber strip. The wood shall be sound,free of knots, and straight and true from end to end. It shall befa
21、stened to a steel or wood-faced steel beam of such dimen-sions that deflections under maximum load will not be greaterthan1720 of the specimen length. The bearing face of the upperbearing shall not deviate from a straight line by more than132in./ft of length. When a hard rubber strip is used on the
22、bearingface it shall have a durometer hardness of not less than 45 normore than 60, and shall have a width of not less than 2 in. anda thickness of not less than 1 in. nor more than 112 in. and shallbe secured to a wood beam meeting the above requirements.4.3.7 If mutually agreed upon by the manufac
23、turer and theowner prior to the test, before the specimen is placed, a fillet ofplaster of paris not exceeding 1 in. in thickness shall be cast onthe surface of the upper and lower bearings. The width of thefillet cap, upper or lower, shall be not more than 1 in./ft of thespecimen diameter, but in n
24、o case less than 1 in.4.3.8 The equipment shall be so designed that the load willbe distributed about the center of the overall length (L1)ofthespecimen (Figs. 1-4). At the option of the manufacturer, thecenter of the load shall be applied at any point of the overalllength (L1) of the specimen. The
25、load shall be applied either ata single point or at multiple points dependent on the length ofthe specimen being tested and the rigidity of the test frame.NOTE 1The user of these test methods is advised that multiple pointsof load appllications to the upper bearing will permit use of lighter beamswi
26、thout excessive deflection.4.4 CalibrationThe loading device shall be one whichshall provide an accuracy of 62 % at the specified test loads.A calibration curve shall be used. The machines used forperforming the three-edge-bearing tests shall be verified inaccordance with Practices E4.4.5 Procedure:
27、4.5.1 Place the specimen on the two lower bearing strips insuch a manner that the pipe or tile rests firmly and with uniformbearing on each strip.4.5.2 Mark the two ends of the specimen at a point midwaybetween the lower bearing strips and then establish thediametrically opposite point on each end.
28、Place the upperbearing so that it is aligned with these marks.4.5.3 For reinforced concrete pipe, any rate of load appli-cation up to a maximum of 7500 lbf/linear foot of pipe perminute shall be used up to 75 % of the specified designstrength, at which time the rate of loading shall be reduced toa m
29、aximum uniform rate of13 of the specified design strengthof the pipe per minute. This rate of loading shall be continuousuntil the specified acceptance design strength is reached. Ifboth the design strength and the ultimate strength are beingdetermined, a specified rate of loading need not be mainta
30、inedafter the acceptance design strength has been reached. Fornon-reinforced concrete pipe, any rate of load application up toa maximum of 7500 lbf/linear foot of pipe per minute shall beused up to 75 % of the specified ultimate strength, at whichtime the rate of loading shall be reduced to the maxi
31、mumuniform rate of 3000 lbf/linear foot of pipe per minute. At themanufacturers option, the rates of loading in this paragraphshall be any rates that do not exceed the specified maximums.4.5.4 As defined in Terminology C 822, the design strengthis the maximum load, expressed as a D-load, supported b
32、y thepipe before a crack having a width of 0.01 in. occursthroughout a continuous length of 1 ft or more measuredparallel to the longitudinal axis of pipe barrel. The crack is 0.01in. in width when the point of the measuring gage will, withoutforcing, penetrate116 in. at close intervals throughout t
33、hespecified distance of 1 ft. Measure the width of the crack bymeans of a gage made from a leaf 0.01 in. in thickness (as ina set of standard machinist gages), ground to a point of116 in.in width with corners rounded and with a taper of14 in./in. asshown in Fig. 6.NOTE 2As used in this specification
34、, the 0.01-in. crack is a testcriterion for pipe under load in three-edge bearing test and is not intendedas an indication of overstressed or failed pipe under installed conditions.4.5.5 As defined in Terminology C 822, the ultimatestrength is the maximum load supported by the pipe.NOTE 3Ultimate st
35、rength of concrete pipe in the buried condition isdependent on varying soil bedding factors and varying failure modes andshall have no relationship to the ultimate strength as defined underthree-edge bearing conditions.C4970524.6 ConditioningThe moisture requirements of 1.3 are notrequired, at the o
36、ption of the manufacturer.4.7 Calculations:4.7.1 Strength test results shall be calculated in terms ofpounds per linear foot. The length used in calculating thestrength values shall be that indicated by L in Figs. 1-4. Forplain end pipe, no bell or spigot, the length L shall be theoverall length. Fo
37、r pipe having a bell or spigot on one end withthe opposite end being plain, L shall be the distance from theplain end to the center of the joint, where L equals the overallNOTE 1The figures illustrate a method of applying the load to the pipe.FIG. 1 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Circular PipeC497053lengt
38、h minus12 the depth of the bell, or the overall lengthminus12 the length of the spigot.NOTE 1The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe.FIG. 2 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Arch PipeNOTE 1The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe.FIG. 3 Three-Edge-Bearing Test
39、, Horizontal Elliptical PipeNOTE 1The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe.FIG. 4 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Vertical Elliptical PipeC4970544.7.2 The ultimate strength in pounds per linear foot shall becalculated by dividing the maximum test load applied to thepipe by the layin
40、g length L.4.7.3 The D-load strength in pounds per linear foot per footof inside diameter or horizontal span shall be either the 0.01-in.crack D-load strength or the ultimate D-load strength. The0.01-in. crack D-load shall be calculated by dividing the testload required to produce the 0.01-in. crack
41、 by the laying lengthL and by the pipe inside diameter or horizontal span.4.8 Precision and BiasThe user of these test methods isadvised that the true value for the strength of a concrete pipecannot be determined because the specimen is tested todestruction and exact duplicate specimen cannot be obt
42、ained.Therefore, no calculations of precision and bias are presentlycapable of being performed. Specifications that include this testmethod for the various types of concrete pipe should include aprovision for additional tests of one or more specimens.5. Flat Slab Top Test Method5.1 Summary of Test M
43、ethodA load is applied to the flatslab top and the supporting capacity of the flat slab top ismeasured.5.2 Significance and UseThe test method is a proof ofdesign test performed to prove the adequacy of the design.5.3 ConditioningThe moisture requirements of 1.3 are notrequired, at the option of the
44、 manufacturer.5.4 ProcedurePlace the section that has been designatedto receive the flat slab top on a firm, even surface.Assemble theflat slab top to this section. If a frame or riser has been designedto be fitted to the access portion of the flat slab top, assembleit to the slab top. Apply the tes
45、t load to the riser or frame asassembled to the flat slab top. If no access opening has beenprovided to the flat slab top, apply the test load to the center ofthe flat slab top by means of a 12 by 12 by 4-in. wood bearingblock. See Fig. 7. Calculate the test load as follows:Pu5 1.3 D 1 2.17L1 1 I! (
46、1)where:Pu= applied minimum ultimate proof-of-design test load,lb,D = total calculated field dead load on the slab, lb,L = calculated live load on the flat slab top, andI = impact factor, 30 % minimum.6. Core Strength Test Method6.1 Summary of Test MethodThe compressive strength ofthe concrete in th
47、e pipe is determined by making crushing testsof cores cut from the pipe.6.2 Significance and UseThe core strength test is a qualitycontrol test performed to establish the fact that the finished,shippable precast concrete product had sufficient concretestrength to meet the strengths stated in the spe
48、cifications.6.3 ApparatusA core drill shall be used for securingcylindrical core specimens from the wall of the pipe; a shotdrill or a diamond drill shall be used.6.4 Test Specimens:6.4.1 A core specimen for the determination of compressivestrength shall have a diameter at least three times the maxi
49、mumsize of the coarse aggregate used in the concrete. If cores arecut from the wall of the pipe and tested, the length to diameterratio shall lie between one and two after the curved surfaceshave been removed from the cut core.6.4.2 Moisture ConditioningUnless the agency for whichthe testing is being done directs otherwise, the core testspecimens shall be submerged in lime-saturated water inaccordance with the provisions of Test Method C 42.6.5 Procedure:6.5.1 End Preparation and CappingCore specimens to betested in compression shall have end
