1、Designation: C497 16aStandard Test Methods forConcrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or Tile1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C497; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover testing of concrete pipe,manhole
3、sections, and tile. The test methods described are usedin production testing and acceptance testing to evaluate theproperties provided for in the specifications.1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:SectionExternal Load Crushing Strength 4Flat Slab Top 5Core Strength 6Absorption 7Hydros
4、tatic 8PermeabilityManhole Step910Cylinder Strength 11Gasket Lubricant 12Joint Shear 13Alkalinity 14Gasket Measurements 151.3 The test specimens shall not have been exposed to atemperature below 40F for the 24 h immediately precedingthe test.1.4 If any test specimen fails because of mechanical reaso
5、nssuch as failure of testing equipment or improper specimenpreparation, it shall be discarded and another specimen taken.1.5 Specimens shall be selected in accordance with thespecifications for the type of pipe or tile being tested.1.6 Acomplete metric companion to Test Methods C497 hasbeen develope
6、dC497M; therefore, no metric equivalents arepresented in these methods.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine th
7、e applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-drical Concrete SpecimensC42/C42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing
8、 DrilledCores and Sawed Beams of ConcreteC617 Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete SpecimensC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC1231/C1231M Practice for Use of Unbonded
9、 Caps inDetermination of Compressive Strength of Hardened Cy-lindrical Concrete SpecimensD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer Hard-nessE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concretepipe, see Terminology C822
10、.4. External Load Crushing Strength Test by the Three-Edge Bearing Test Method4.1 Summary of Test MethodThe test specimen is tested ina machine designed to apply a crushing force upon thespecimen in a plane through the vertical axis extending alongthe length of the specimen.4.2 Significance and UseT
11、he crushing test shall be eithera quality control test performed to establish that the finished,shippable pipe has sufficient strength to withstand the crushingloads stated in the specifications or a proof of design testperformed to prove the adequacy of design.4.3 Apparatus:1These test methods are
12、under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.09 on Methodsof Test.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2016. Published September 2016. Originallyapproved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as C497 16. DOI:10.1520/C0497-1
13、6A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Bo
14、x C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.3.1 The testing machine shall be of any type of sufficientcapacity and shall be capable of providing the rate of loadingprescribed in 4.5.3.4.3.2 The testing machine shall be substantial and rigidthroughout, so that the distribution of the lo
15、ad will not beaffected appreciably by the deformation or yielding of any part.4.3.3 The three-edge-bearing method of loading shall beused. The test specimen shall be supported on a lower bearingof two parallel longitudinal strips and the load applied throughan upper bearing (Figs. 1-4). At the optio
16、n of the manufacturer,either or both the lower bearing and the upper bearing shallextend the full length or any portion of the length of thespecimen. Fig. 54.3.4 The lower bearings shall consist of wood or hardrubber strips. Wooden strips shall be straight, have a crosssection of not less than 2 in.
17、 in width and not less than 1 in. normore than 112 in. in height and shall have the top inside cornersrounded to a radius of12 in. Hard rubber strips shall have adurometer hardness of not less than 45 nor more than 60. Theyshall be rectangular in cross section, having a width of not lessNOTE 1The fi
18、gures illustrate a method of applying the load to the pipe.FIG. 1 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Circular PipeC497 16a2than 2 in., a thickness of not less than 1 in. nor more than 112in., and shall have the top inside corner rounded to a radius of12 in.4.3.5 The lower bearing strips shall be fastened to a
19、 woodenor steel beam or directly to a concrete base, any of which shallprovide sufficient rigidity so that deflection is not greater thanNOTE 1The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe.FIG. 2 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Arch PipeNOTE 1The figure illustrates a method of applying t
20、he load to the pipe.FIG. 3 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Horizontal Elliptical PipeNOTE 1The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe.FIG. 4 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Vertical Elliptical PipeC497 16a31720 of the specimen length when the maximum load is applied.The rigid base shall be a
21、t least 6 in. wide. The interior verticalsides of the strips shall be parallel and spaced a distance apartof not more than 1 in./ft of specimen diameter, but in no caseless than 1 in. The bearing faces of the lower strips shall notvary from a straight line vertically or horizontally by more than132
22、in./ft of length under no load.4.3.6 The upper bearing shall be a rigid wood beam with orwithout an attached hard rubber strip. The wood shall be sound,free of knots, and straight and true from end to end. It shall befastened to a steel or wood-faced steel beam of such dimen-sions that deflections u
23、nder maximum load will not be greaterthan1720 of the specimen length. The bearing face of the upperbearing shall not deviate from a straight line by more than132 in. ft of length. When a hard rubber strip is used on thebearing face it shall have a durometer hardness of not less than45 nor more than
24、60, and shall have a width of not less than 2in. and a thickness of not less than 1 in. nor more than 112 in.and shall be secured to a wood beam meeting the aboverequirements.4.3.7 If mutually agreed upon by the manufacturer and theowner prior to the test, before the specimen is placed, a fillet ofp
25、laster of paris not exceeding 1 in. in thickness shall be cast onthe surface of the upper and lower bearings. The width of thefillet cap, upper or lower, shall be not more than 1 in./ft of thespecimen diameter, but in no case less than 1 in.4.3.8 The equipment shall be so designed that the load will
26、be distributed about the center of the overall length (L1)ofthespecimen (Figs. 1-4). At the option of the manufacturer, thecenter of the load shall be applied at any point of the overalllength (L1) of the specimen. The load shall be applied either ata single point or at multiple points dependent on
27、the length ofthe specimen being tested and the rigidity of the test frame.NOTE 1The user of these test methods is advised that multiple pointsof load appllications to the upper bearing will permit use of lighter beamswithout excessive deflection.4.4 CalibrationThe loading device shall be one whichsh
28、all provide an accuracy of 62 % at the specified test loads.A calibration curve shall be used. The machines used forperforming the three-edge-bearing tests shall be verified inaccordance with Practices E4.4.5 Procedure:4.5.1 Place the specimen on the two lower bearing strips insuch a manner that the
29、 pipe or tile rests firmly and with uniformbearing on each strip.4.5.2 Mark the two ends of the specimen at a point midwaybetween the lower bearing strips and then establish thediametrically opposite point on each end. Place the upperbearing so that it is aligned with these marks.4.5.3 For reinforce
30、d concrete pipe, any rate of load appli-cation up to a maximum of 7500 lbf/linear foot of pipe perminute shall be used up to 75 % of the specified designstrength, at which time the rate of loading shall be reduced toa maximum uniform rate of13 of the specified design strengthof the pipe per minute.
31、This rate of loading shall be continuousuntil the specified acceptance design strength is reached. Ifboth the design strength and the ultimate strength are beingdetermined, a specified rate of loading need not be maintainedafter the acceptance design strength has been reached. Fornon-reinforced conc
32、rete pipe, any rate of load application up toa maximum of 7500 lbf/linear foot of pipe per minute shall beused up to 75 % of the specified ultimate strength, at whichtime the rate of loading shall be reduced to the maximumuniform rate of 3000 lbf/linear foot of pipe per minute. At themanufacturers o
33、ption, the rates of loading in this paragraphshall be any rates that do not exceed the specified maximums.4.5.4 As defined in Terminology C822, the design strengthis the maximum load, expressed as a D-load, supported by thepipe before a crack having a width of 0.01 in. occursthroughout a continuous
34、length of 1 ft or more measuredparallel to the longitudinal axis of pipe barrel. The crack is 0.01in. in width when the point of the measuring gage will, withoutforcing, penetrate116 in. at 3 in. maximum intervals, through-out the specified distance of 1 ft. Measure the width of thecrack by means of
35、 a gage made from a leaf 0.01 in. in thickness(as in a set of standard machinist gages), ground to a point ofFIG. 5 Lower Bearing Strip DetailFIG. 6 Gage Leaf for Measuring CracksC497 16a4116 in. in width with corners rounded and with a taper of14 in. in. as shown in Fig. 6.NOTE 2As used in this spe
36、cification, the 0.01-in. crack is a testcriterion for pipe under load in three-edge bearing test and is not intendedas an indication of overstressed or failed pipe under installed conditions.4.5.5 As defined in Terminology C822, the ultimate strengthis the maximum load supported by the pipe.NOTE 3Ul
37、timate strength of concrete pipe in the buried condition isdependent on varying soil bedding factors and varying failure modes andshall have no relationship to the ultimate strength as defined underthree-edge bearing conditions.4.6 ConditioningThe moisture requirements of 1.3 are notrequired, at the
38、 option of the manufacturer.4.7 Calculations:4.7.1 Strength test results shall be calculated in terms ofpounds per linear foot. The length used in calculating thestrength values shall be that indicated by the manufacturedlength (L)inFigs. 1-4. For pipe with a bell, the manufacturedlength (L) is the
39、length from the spigot/tongue end face to thebell/groove inside shoulder. For straight wall pipe, no bell, themanufactured length (L) is the same as for pipe with a bell orthe alternate of the length from the spigot/tongue outsideshoulder to the socket/groove end face. For plain end or cutpipe, no b
40、ell or spigot, the manufactured length (L) is the sameas the overall length (L1). For pipe having a spigot on one endwith the opposite end being plain, the manufactured length (L)shall be the distance from the plain end to the center of thejoint. For pipe having a bell on one end with the opposite e
41、ndbeing plain, the manufactured length (L) shall be the distancefrom the plain end to the bell inside shoulder. See TerminologyC822 for definitions of manufactured length (L) and overalllength (L1).4.7.2 The ultimate strength in pounds per linear foot shall becalculated by dividing the maximum test
42、load applied to thepipe by the manufactured length (L).4.7.3 The D-load strength in pounds per linear foot per footof inside diameter or horizontal span shall be either the 0.01-in.crack D-load strength or the ultimate D-load strength. The0.01-in. crack D-load shall be calculated by dividing the tes
43、tload required to produce the 0.01-in. crack by the manufac-tured length (L) and by the pipe inside diameter or horizontalspan. The ultimate D-load strength shall be calculated bydividing the ultimate test load applied to the pipe by themanufactured length, (L), and by the pipe inside diameter orhor
44、izontal span.4.8 Precision and BiasThe user of these test methods isadvised that the true value for the strength of a concrete pipecannot be determined because the specimen is tested todestruction and exact duplicate specimen cannot be obtained.Therefore, no calculations of precision and bias are pr
45、esentlycapable of being performed. Specifications that include this testmethod for the various types of concrete pipe should include aprovision for additional tests of one or more specimens.5. Flat Slab Top Test Method5.1 Summary of Test MethodA load is applied to the flatslab top and the supporting
46、 capacity of the flat slab top ismeasured.5.2 Significance and UseThe test method is a proof ofdesign test performed to prove the adequacy of the design.5.3 ConditioningThe moisture requirements of 1.3 are notrequired, at the option of the manufacturer.5.4 ProcedurePlace the section that has been de
47、signatedto receive the flat slab top on a firm, even surface.Assemble theflat slab top to this section. If a frame or riser has been designedto be fitted to the access portion of the flat slab top, assembleit to the slab top. Apply the test load to the riser or frame asassembled to the flat slab top
48、. If no access opening has beenprovided to the flat slab top, apply the test load to the center ofthe flat slab top by means of a 12 by 12 by 4-in. wood bearingblock. See Fig. 7. Calculate the test load as follows:Pu5 1.3 D12.17L11I! (1)where:Pu= applied minimum ultimate proof-of-design test load, l
49、b,D = total calculated field dead load on the slab, lb,L = calculated live load on the flat slab top, andFIG. 7 Flat Slab Top TestC497 16a5I = impact factor, 30 % minimum.6. Core Strength Test Method6.1 Summary of Test MethodThe compressive strength ofthe concrete in the pipe is determined by making crushing testsof cores cut from the pipe.6.2 Significance and UseThe core strength test is a qualitycontrol test performed to establish the fact that the finished,shippable precast concrete product had sufficient concretestrength to meet the s
