1、2003年中国社科院研究生院考博英语真题试卷（精选）及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 In the early 20th century, at the advent of the telephone, it was considered a superfluous instrument which would never be of practical use in the average household. （ A） appearance （ B） popularity （ C） dominance （ D） consolidation 2 The
2、 judge remained sober despite the lawyers ludicrous attempt to prove the defendants innocence. （ A） sad （ B） sorry （ C） serious （ D） surprised 3 A pervasive negative attitude of the engineers toward projects funded by his company is the cause of the delay of signing the contract. （ A） perpetual （ B）
3、 pernicious （ C） preventive （ D） prevalent 4 Helen could not help feeling antipathy toward her fathers new wife whom he married just two months after the death of Helens mother. （ A） sympathy （ B） concession （ C） compassion （ D） hostility 5 California seems to be the home of the homeless since many
4、are often observed tramping along railroad tracks and through the downtown areas of the cities. （ A） roaming （ B） trimming （ C） stealing （ D） stamping 6 On Christmas Eve in America the shopping malls are saturated with shoppers in a frantic competition for last minute gifts. （ A） bustled （ B） soared
5、 （ C） filled （ D） broadened 7 The blunder of Argentinas goalie cost them the game in the match against Brazil. （ A） triumph （ B） beat （ C） mistake （ D） straggle 8 The child was so ingenuous that even when she knocked the television off its stand so that it was irreparably damaged, her parents though
6、t her to be charming （ A） intelligent （ B） ingenious （ C） adroit （ D） naive 9 The low interest rates on banks loans provided an impetus for many to buy homes. （ A） incentive （ B） obstacle （ C） reason （ D） delay 10 It was an allusion to what the scientist thought was an inappropriate distribution of
7、funds for stem cell research. （ A） reference （ B） contradiction （ C） explanation （ D） rejection 11 Tim is dubious about diet pills which advertise quick weight loss. （ A） anxious （ B） pessimistic （ C） doubtful （ D） ignorant 12 If the salesmen are not given tangible benefits for a high volume of sale
8、s, they will loose their motivation. （ A） substantial （ B） psychological （ C） spiritual （ D） profitable 13 Many people in Wales have an affinity with music. （ A） reputation for （ B） solubility in （ C） tincture （ D） attraction to 14 His talent for music remained latent until his wife bought him guita
9、r. （ A） hidden （ B） sophisticated （ C） delicate （ D） profound 15 A rapid portfolio turnover rate may preclude low long-term capital gains. （ A） prohibit （ B） lag （ C） prevent （ D） reject 16 He was _ with the deadly disease when he was 14, and has suffered with it for 10 years. （ A） induced （ B） infl
10、icted （ C） inserted （ D） integrated 17 Every person on the sales team is _ because they work together well. （ A） incompatible （ B） incredible （ C） indefinite （ D） indispensable 18 The secretary wants to _ all the file clerks to make preparations for the company Christmas party. （ A） enlighten （ B） e
11、nlist （ C） enable （ D） enclose 19 To be a successful criminal, one must be _. （ A） empirical （ B） emigrant （ C） elegant （ D） elusive 20 The low operating costs of the foreign company will _ the high labor costs the business pays in its own country. （ A） offend （ B） obstruct （ C） oblige （ D） offset 2
12、1 Despite the fact that they were _ when they married, after 30 years they live together harmoniously. （ A） contradictory （ B） incompatible （ C） contrary （ D） compatible 22 Because of her dual nationality in the United States and Mexico, Maria was almost required to pay taxes in both countries until
13、 her accountant _ with a satisfactory solution for both countries. （ A） intercepted （ B） interacted （ C） interpreted （ D） intervened 23 _ was given by the committee to all of those who donated money. （ A） Recognition （ B） Attention （ C） Tribute （ D） Acknowledgement 24 Most of the waiters are _ in th
14、eir work because the owner of the restaurant does not pay them on time. （ A） rack （ B） tack （ C） slack （ D） stack 25 It was their _ decision to leave their country, and as a result, they lost their citizenship. （ A） compulsory （ B） deliberate （ C） carefree （ D） modest 26 She _ scarlet fever when she
15、 was a baby and lost her eyesight. （ A） distorted （ B） contracted （ C） subtracted （ D） distracted 27 She is _ to sprain her ankle because it is weak from 3 previous pains. （ A） prone （ B） disposed （ C） bound （ D） destined 28 Little boys seem to enjoy _ train sets more than little girls. （ A） capture
16、 （ B） departure （ C） fixture （ D） miniature 29 Many skiers _ around the fire and drink hot chocolate in the evenings. （ A） pad （ B） pack （ C） squeeze （ D） cluster 30 A stateless young man may have felt _ after having been denied asylum and right of residence by many countries. （ A） intrigued （ B） in
17、itiated （ C） indicated （ D） intimidated 二、 Reading Comprehension 30 An important point in the development of a governmental agency is the codification of its controlling practices. The study of law or jurisprudence is usually concerned with the codes and practices of specific governments, past or pr
18、esent. It is also concerned with certain questions upon which a functional analysis of behavior has some bearing. What is a law? What role does a law play in governmental control? In particular, what effect does it have upon the behavior of the controllee and of the members of the governmental agenc
19、y itself? A law usually has two important features. In the first place, it specifies behavior. The behavior is usually not described topographically but rather in terms of its effect upon others - the effect that is the object of governmental control. When we are told, for example, that an individua
20、l has “committed perjury,“ we are not told what he has actually said. “Robbery“ and “assault“ do not refer to specific forms of response. Only properties of behavior which are aversive to others are mentioned - in perjury the lack of a customary correspondence between a verbal response and certain f
21、actual circumstances, in robbery the removal of positive reinforces, and in assault the aversive character of physical injury. In the second place, a law specifies or implies a consequence, usually punishment, A law is thus a statement of a contingency of reinforcement maintained by a governmental a
22、gency. The contingency may have prevailed as a controlling practice prior to its codification as a law, or it may represent a new practice which goes into effect with the passage of the law. Laws are thus both descriptions of past practices and assurafices of similar practices in the future. A law i
23、s a rule of conduct in the sense that it specifies the consequences of certain actions which in mm “rule“ behavior. The effect of a law upon the controlling agency The government of a large group requires an elaborate organization, the practices of which may be made more consistent and effective by
24、codification. How codes of law affect governmental agents is the principal subject of jurisprudence. The behavioral processes are complex, although presumably not novel. In order to maintain or “enforce“ contingencies of governmental control, an agency must establish the fact that an individual has
25、behaved illegally and must interpret a code to determine the punishment. It must then carry out the punishment. These labors are usually divided among special subdivisions of the agency. The advantages gained when the individual is “not under man but under law“ have usually been obvious, and the gre
26、at codifiers of law occupy places of honor in the history of civilization. Codification does not, however, change the essential nature of governmental action nor remedy all its defects. 31 In the development of a government agency, _. （ A） the standard on which the judgment may be made is more impor
27、tant than the actual application of this judgment （ B） the function of law is important （ C） the study of ordinance is the most important （ D） practice is more important than criterion 32 One of the prominent characteristics of a law is _. （ A） the result on the individuals behavior on which a restr
28、aining influence is being exercised （ B） the result of a behavior on the members of the governmental agency （ C） the result of a behavior on ordinary citizens （ D） both A and B 33 What does the example “committed perjury“ illustrate? （ A） The law will examine closely what the individual said in cour
29、t. （ B） It illustrates that the law only has something to say when behavior has negative effects on others. （ C） Behavior which tends to avoid punishing stimulus will not be explicitly specified by law. （ D） Both B and C 34 The other distinguishing trait of the law is _. （ A） punishment is carried o
30、ut by the courts at all levels （ B） rules and court practices initiated by a governmental agency, are specifically designed to increase government control （ C） asystem of rules governing a conduct, activity or event incidental by nature （ D） any governmental reinforcement 35 Why are laws formed? （ A
31、） Laws are made before a contingency. （ B） Laws are made after a contingency. （ C） A contingency always happens before a law is approved and passed. （ D） Laws are passed to stand the test of time and are applicable to other similar circumstances in the future. 36 How does codification of the laws af
32、fect governmental agents? （ A） The law will be interpreted objectively rather than subjectively. （ B） Government agencies have to compromise with factual conditions. （ C） Occasionally, governmental agencies have to redress, correct or adapt a law for their benefit. （ D） Laws can not be altered or mo
33、dified but they can be incremented with new court decisions and also through jurisprudence. 36 If income is transferred from rich persons to poor persons the proportion in which different sorts of goods and services are provided will be changed. Expensive luxuries will give place to more necessary a
34、rticles, rare wines to meat and bread, new machines and factories to clothes and improved small dwellings; and there will be other changes of a like sort. In view of this fact, it is inexact to speak of a change in the distribution of the dividend in favor of or adverse to, the poor. There is not a
35、single definitely constituted heap of things coming into being each year and distributed now in one way, now in another. In fact, there is no such thing as the dividend from the point of view of both of two years, and therefore, there can be no such thing as a change in its distribution. This, howev
36、er, is a point of words rather than of substance. What I mean when I say that the distribution of the dividend has changed in favor of the poor is that, the general productive power of the community being given, poor people are getting more of the things they want at the expense of rich people getti
37、ng less of the things they want. It might be thought at first sight that the only way in which this could happen would be through a transference of purchasing power from the rich to the poor. That, however, is not so. It is possible for the poor to be advantaged and the rich damaged, even though the
38、 quantity of purchasing power, i. e. of command over productive resources, held by both groups remains unaltered. This might happen if the technical methods of producing something predominatingly consumed by the poor were improved and at the same time those of producing something predominatingly con
39、sumed by the rich were worsened, and if the net result was to leave the size of the national dividend as defined in Chapter V. unchanged. It might also happen if, by a system of rationing or some other device, the rich were forced to transfer their demand away from things which are important to the
40、poor and which are produced under such conditions that diminished demand leads to lowered prices. Per contra - and this point will be seen in Part . To be very important practically - the share, both proportionate and absolute of command over the countrys productive resources held by the poor may be
41、 increased, and yet, if the process by which they acquire this greater share involves an increase in the cost of things that play a large part in their own consumption, they may not really gain. Thus a change in distribution favorable to the poor may be brought about otherwise than by a transference
42、 of purchasing power, or command over productive resources, to them, and it does not mean a transference of these things to them. None the less, this sort of transference is the most important, and may be regarded as the typical, means by which changes in distribution favorable to the poor come abou
43、t. 37 The method in which the writer believes is most effective for the poor benefiting from the rich is _. （ A） amassing all products from the last two years and reallocating them （ B） ensuring the majority of products available are more useful to the poor （ C） offering low priced stock that the po
44、or could afford （ D） by limiting the buying of the rich 38 Why does the author use the term “the dividend“ even though he has acknowledged that in fact it does not exist? （ A） He is attempting to describe a transmittal circumstance. （ B） He is articulating a metaphysical theory. （ C） He is clarifyin
45、g a situation. （ D） He is devising an econometric formula. 39 Does the author believe that transference of purchasing power is effective in benefiting the poor? （ A） No, he believes evenly distributing all resources is best. （ B） No, he believes rationing of the rich is eminent. （ C） Yes, he believe
46、s it is possible to limit the rich and make products for the poor more accessible. （ D） Yes, distribution is influenced by transference and as a result the poor prosper. 40 Does the writer truly believe that the poor actually could be more privileged than the rich? （ A） Yes, as long as the factories
47、 capacities manufacture items for the poor are increased. （ B） No, this a theory, however, the reality is that the rich have the power. （ C） Yes, as long as the rich are restricted from buying more than the poor. （ D） No, but he is making a point that the rich could be put at a disadvantage to the b
48、enefit of the poor. 41 To be very important practically - the share, both proportionate and absolute of command over the countrys productive resources held by the poor may be increased, and yet, if the process by which they acquire this greater share involves an increase in th （ A） If the relative p
49、rice is proportionate to the, control over the supply which is in favor of the poor. （ B） Products which are unaffordable are of no use, and therefore, more control over the supply needs to be exercised. （ C） Products which are unaffordable are of no use, and therefore, more control over the supply needs to be exercised so that the poor are profited. （ D） If the price of the items the poor use is too high, they cannot afford them and so there needs to be more control over the supply wh
