1、2004年中国社科院研究生院考博英语真题试卷（精选）及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 She actually preferred a more gregarious urban life style and the cultural attractions in a warmer clime. （ A） tranquil （ B） sociable （ C） inactive （ D） undisturbed 2 Some of the plans provisions have already aroused opposition, most not
2、ably from Pope John Paul . （ A） clauses （ B） interpretations （ C） interrelations （ D） depreciations 3 Nothing is less sensible than the advice of the Duke of Cambridge who is to be reported to have said: “Any change, at any time, for any reason is to be deplored.“ （ A） emulated （ B） ridiculed （ C） c
3、omplicated （ D） lamented 4 Most of the 33 newly discovered planets giant gas bags swing so erratically that they create havoc on any smaller, nearby, life-friendly planets. （ A） destruction （ B） benefits （ C） chaos （ D） violence 5 Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed, with plenty o
4、f money for topflight staff, travel, and television commercials. （ A） dubiously （ B） potently （ C） profusely （ D） candidly 6 In fact, a number of recent developments suggest that new media may actually be the salvation of old media; that online newspapers, Webzines, and e-books could preserve and ex
5、tend the best aspects of the print culture while augmenting it with their variou （ A） limiting （ B） maintaining （ C） distinguishing （ D） increasing 7 Every modern government, liberal or otherwise, has a specific position in the field of ideas; its stability is vulnerable to critics in proportion to
6、their ability and persuasiveness. （ A） futile （ B） susceptible （ C） feasible （ D） flexible 8 Parties are therefore free to strive for a settlement without jeopardizing their chances for or in a trial if mediation is unsuccessful. （ A） assuring （ B） increasing （ C） endangering （ D） destroying 9 They
7、make better use of the time they have, and they are less likely to succumb to fatigue in stressful jobs. （ A） sustain （ B） yield （ C） endure （ D） expose 10 It disgusted him when atheists attacked religion: he thought they were vulgar. （ A） insulting （ B） base-minded （ C） rough （ D） vicious 11 From t
8、he time of the Greeks to the Great War, medicines job was simple: to struggle with _ diseases and gross disabilities, to ensure live births, and to manage pain. （ A） immortal （ B） immune （ C） lethal （ D） toxic 12 This is a market in which enterprising businesses _ for the demands of teenagers and ol
9、der youths in all their rock mania and pop-art forms. （ A） cater （ B） entitle （ C） appeal （ D） subject 13 It must guide public opinion, after presenting _ both sides of every issue and pointing out to readers what measures seem to promise the greater good for the greater number. （ A） inquisitively （
10、 B） inconceivably （ C） appallingly （ D） impartially 14 Brushing removes larger particles, but dentists suggest brushing the back of the tongue as well, where food residues and bacteria _. （ A） flourish （ B） collaborate （ C） embark （ D） congregate 15 American literary historians are perhaps _ to view
11、ing their own national scene too narrowly, mistaking prominence for uniqueness. （ A） prone （ B） legible （ C） incompatible （ D） prior 16 To many people, a husband and wife alone do not seem a proper family - they need children to enrich the circle, to _ family character and to gather the redemptive i
12、nfluence of offspring. （ A） repress （ B） intimidate （ C） validate （ D） confine 17 The 1982 Oil and Gas Act gives power to permit the disposal of assets held by the Corporation. And _ the Corporations statutory monopoly in the supply of gas for fuel purposes so as to permit private companies to compe
13、te in this supply. （ A） defers （ B） curtails （ C） triggers （ D） sparks 18 These people actively try to _ what they believe to be bad English and assiduously cultivate what they hope to be good English. （ A） suppress （ B） regress （ C） enhance （ D） revive 19 It must guarantee freedom of expression, to
14、 the end that all _ to the flow of ideas shall be removed. （ A） prophecies （ B） transactions （ C） arguments （ D） hindrances 20 As we have seen, propaganda can appeal to us by arousing our emotions or _, our attention from the real issues at hand. （ A） retaining （ B） sustaining （ C） distracting （ D）
15、obscuring 二、 Reading Comprehension 20 In the preceding chapter, economic welfare was taken broadly to consist of that group of satisfactions and dissatisfactions which can be brought into relation with a money measure. We have now to observe that this relation is not a direct one, but is mediated th
16、rough desires and aversions. That is to say, the money that a person is prepared to offer for a thing measures directly, not the satisfaction he will get from the thing, but-the intensity of his desire for it. This distinction, obvious when stated, has been somewhat obscured for English-speaking stu
17、dents by the employment of the term utility - which naturally carries an association with satisfaction - to represent intensity of desire. Thus, when one thing is desired by a person more keenly than another, it is said to possess a greater utility to that person. Several writers have endeavored to
18、get rid of the confusion which this use of words generates by substituting “utility“ in the above sense for some other term, such as “desirability“. The term “desiredness“ seems, however, to be preferable, because, since it cannot be taken to have any ethical implication, it is less ambiguous. I sha
19、ll myself employ that term. Generally speaking, everybody prefers present pleasures or satisfactions of given magnitude to future pleasures or satisfactions of equal magnitude, even when the latter are perfectly certain to occur. But this preference for present pleasures does not - the idea is self-
20、contradictory - imply that a present pleasure of given magnitude is any greater than a future pleasure of the same magnitude. It implies only that our telescopic faculty is defective, and that we, therefore, see future pleasures, as it were, on a diminished scale. That this is the right explanation
21、is proved by the fact that exactly the same diminution is experienced when, apart from our tendency to forget ungratifying incidents, we contemplate the past. Our analysis also suggests that economic welfare could be increased by some rightly chosen degree of differentiation in favor of saving. Nobo
22、dy, of course, holds that the State should force its citizens to act as though so much objective wealth now and in the future were of exactly equal importance. In view of the uncertainty of productive developments, to say nothing of the mortality of nations and eventually of the human race itself, t
23、his would not, even in the extremest theory, be sound policy. But there is wide agreement that the State should protect the interests of the future in some degree against the effects of our irrational discounting and of our preference for ourselves over our descendants. The whole movement for “conse
24、rvation“ in the United States is based on this conviction. It is the clear duty of Government, which is the trustee for unborn generations as well as for its present citizens, to watch over, and, if need be, by legislative enactment, to defend, the exhaustible natural resources of the country from r
25、ash and reckless spoliation. Plainly, if we assume adequate competence on the part of governments, there is a valid case for some artificial encouragement to investment, particularly to investments the return from which will only begin to appear after the lapse of many years. It must, however, be re
26、membered that, so long as people are left free to decide for themselves how much work they will do, interference, by fiscal or any other means , with the way they employ the resources that their work yields to them may react to diminish the aggregate amount of this work and so of those resources. 21
27、 What does, according to the author, economic welfare consist of? （ A） a general sense of contentment with any individual being part of a group （ B） a basic duality or dichotomy between the amount of pleasures that one individual can experience and discontentment （ C） the act of measuring the amount
28、 of gratifications and dissatisfactions with a measure of value （ D） the relentless idea that people have to forfeit in expiation for their pleasures 22 In the opening paragraph, why does the author prefer to use the term “desiredness“? （ A） Because it seems more catchy and refers to a specific sema
29、ntic field. （ B） Because nobody else has ever used the word before, it therefore exemplifies the authors original and unique ideas. （ C） Because it helps native English speakers to grasp the conceptual idea expressed in this passage. （ D） Because it clears any misunderstanding relating to the distin
30、ction made in the first paragraph. 23 In the second paragraph, why is the word “greater“ in italics? （ A） Because the pleasure a person can experience in the present will always be regarded as the most important. （ B） Because the author is insisting on the falsity and inner opposition of the stateme
31、nt. （ C） Because the extent or impact of the satisfaction felt by an individual is paramount. （ D） Because the author is using the superlative as a general term of approval. 24 In the third paragraph, which of the following is closer to the truth? （ A） The author rejects the idea the aid distributed
32、 by the government should benefit the less fortunate individuals. （ B） Any given government is answerable for preserving and protecting the economic interests of new generations. （ C） Mankind is intrinsically doomed and will be extinct in the near future regardless of the actions taken by any govern
33、ment. （ D） People have opposing views over state intervention in the field of socio-economic policy. 25 In the fourth paragraph, the author makes it clear that _. （ A） the government which is in charge of powers such as the making of laws must conduct the current affairs of the country but also thin
34、k ahead and prepare the nation of tomorrow （ B） the nationals of any country are accountable for social choices they make （ C） the source of supply and wealth of any country can and will be consumed entirely if proper steps are not taken （ D） the people of any given country have a natural tendency t
35、o use unreservedly and unwisely their own resources 25 There is a question, however, that must be answered before this synthesis is attempted, namely, which are the social tendencies that are general human characteristics? It is easy to be misled in this respect. Much of our social behavior is autom
36、atic. Some may be instinctive, that is, organically determined. Much more is based on conditioned responses, that is, determined by situations so persistently and early impressed upon us that we are no longer aware of the character of the behavior and also ordinarily unaware of the existence or poss
37、ibility of a different behavior. Thus, a critical examination of what is generally valid for all humanity and what is specifically valid for different cultural types comes to be a matter of great concern to students of society. This is one of the problems that induces us to lay particular stress upo
38、n the study of cultures that are historically as little as possible related to our own. Their Study enables us to determine those tendencies that are common to all mankind and those belonging to specific human societies only. Another vista opens if we ask ourselves whether the characteristics of hum
39、an society are even more widely distributed and found also in the animal world. Relations of individuals or of groups of individuals may be looked at from three points of view; relations to the organic and inorganic outer world, relations among members of the same social group, and what, for lack of
40、 a better term, may be designated as subjectively conditioned relations. I mean by this term those attitudes that arise gradually by giving values and meanings to activities, as good or bad, right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, purposive or causally determined. Relations with the organic and inorganic
41、 outer world are established primarily by the obtaining of sustenance, protection against rigor of the climate, and geographical limitations of varied kinds. The relations of members among the same social group include the relation of sexes, habits of forming social groups and their forms. Obviously
42、, these phases of human life are shared by animals. Their food requirements are biologically determined and adjusted to the geographical environment in which they live. Acquisition and storage of food are found among animals as well as in man. The need of protection against climate and enemies is al
43、so operative in animal society, and adjustment to these needs in the form of nests or dens is common. No less are the relations between members of social groups present in animal life, for animal societies of varied structure occur. It appears, therefore, that a considerable field of social phenomen
44、a does not by any means belong to man alone but is shared by the animal world, and the questions must be asked: what traits are common to human and animal societies? 26 Which of the following statements is true: Our social behavior is _. （ A） more based on learned reactions than natural tendency （ B
45、） more inherently determined than early impressed （ C） more spontaneous than inborn （ D） more based on inherent than constitutional behavior 27 Why is social behavior difficult to change? （ A） Ones behavior is inborn so that nothing can be done about it. （ B） Ones behavior is instinctive so that he/
46、she cant act differently. （ C） Ones behavior is taught from childhood so that it is fixed as normal in his/her childhood. （ D） If one never changes his/her geographical dwelling, his/her social behavior can never be changed. 28 In order to answer the question: “which are the social tendencies that a
47、re general human characteristics?“ we have to emphasize on the study of _. （ A） human behavior （ B） human organs （ C） cultures （ D） environment 29 The three points of view that indicate the relations of individuals are _. （ A） relations characterised by natural development; relations that are cultur
48、ally determined; socially accepted behaviour among the group （ B） relations to natural and unnatural world; relations among people; conditioned relations （ C） relations to organic and inorganic outer world; relations among human behavior; objectively conditioned relations （ D） relations to living en
49、vironment; relations among members of the same social group; subjectively conditioned relations 30 From the definitions of the three points of view, according to the passage, we can infer that _. （ A） conditioned relations are acquired （ B） relations to the organic and inorganic outer world are instinctive （ C） relations among members of the same social group are learned （ D） all of the above 30 Government has traditionally been evaluated in terms of their effects in promoting several principles. We ha
