1、2006年北京理工大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 I was introduced to the concept of literacy animator in Oladumi Arigbedes (1994) article on high illiteracy rates among women and school dropout rates among girls. According to Arigbede, literacy animators view their role as assisting in the self-
2、liberating development of people in the world who are struggling for a more meaningful life. Animators are a family of deeply concerned and committed people whose gut-level rejection of mass human pauperization compels them to intervene on the side of the marginalized. Their motivation is not derive
3、d from a love of literacy as merely another technical life skill, and they accept that literacy is never culturally or ideologically neutral. Arigbede writes from her experiences as an animator working with women and men in Nigeria. She believes that literacy animators have to make a clear choice ab
4、out whose culture and whose ideology will be fostered among those with whom they work. Do literacy educators in the United States consider whether the instruction they pursue conflicts with their students traditional cultures or community, or fosters illiteracies in learners first or home languages
5、or dialects and. in their orality? Some approaches to literacy instruction represent an ideology of individualism, control, and competition. Consider, for example, the difference in values conveyed and represented when students engage in choral reading versus the practice of having one student read
6、out loud to the group. To identify as a literacy animator is to choose the ideology of “sharing, solidarity, love, equity, co-operation with and respect of both nature and other human beings“. Literacy pedagogy that matches the animator ideology works on maintaining the languages and cultures of mil
7、lions of minority children who at present are being forced to accept the language and culture of the dominant group. It might lead to assessment that examines the performance outcomes of a community of literacy learners and the social significance of their uses of literacy, as opposed to measuring w
8、hat an individual can do as a reader and writer on a standardized test. Shor (1993) describes literacy animators as problerm-posing, community-based, dialogic educators. Do our teacher-education textbooks on reading and language arts promote the idea that teachers should explore problems from a comm
9、unity-based dialogic perspective? 1 A literacy animator is one who _. （ A） struggles for a more meaningful life （ B） frees people from poverty and illiteracy （ C） is committed to marginalize the illiterate （ D） is concerned with what is behind illiteracy 2 The author suggests that literacy educators
10、 in the US in a way _. （ A） promote students home languages （ B） force students to accept their culture （ C） teach nothing but reading and writing （ D） consider literacy as of non-neutral nature 3 Arigbede worked with Nigerians probably to _. （ A） teach American customs and ideology （ B） make a choi
11、ce of culture to be fostered （ C） reject the values of the dominant class （ D） help maintain Nigerian language and culture 4 According to the author, “choral reading“ may represent _. （ A） individualism （ B） collectivism （ C） competition （ D） immersion 5 Animator ideology emphasizes more on _. （ A）
12、the social function of literacy （ B） students performance in tests （ C） the dominant groups language （ D） the attainment of life skills 5 According to one survey of 12, 000 people, about 30 percent of those making New Years resolutions say they dont even keep them into February. And only about 1 in
13、5 actually stays on track for six months or more, reports eDiets, com, a consumer diet and fitness Web site. But dont let those odds make you reach for the nearest bag of potato chips. Experts say you can keep those resolutions long term, even if youre struggling now. “The motivation comes from with
14、in, and so when you find that youre declining in your healthy eating program, and then just ask yourself, Is this going to get me the results that I want?“ says Leslie Stewart, a registered dietitian and licensed nutritionist. “And if youre doing something every day to eat healthy, then thats going
15、to pay off in the long run.“ Stewart advises to use what she calls the 90 -10 eating rule. “If youre eating healthy 90 percent of the time, then 10 percent of the time, you can cut yourself some slack and eat pleasurably.“ She says she believes that “healthy eating is evolution instead of resolution
16、.“ The same principle can be applied to a lagging exercise resolution, too. Staying motivated is key to long-term success, and reviewing original goals can help strengthen a weakening workout program. Adding variety to a fitness regime also can prevent you from hanging up those exercise shoes. After
17、 a few weeks of well-intentioned workouts, boredom may be creeping into your routine. Setting goals too high is another common mistake, “If youre not running a marathon at the end of the month, dont worry,“ said Mayo Clinic experts. A too intense workoutand the resulting pain and stiffness is discou
18、raging and may force most to abandon a program. Starting slowly is key. But if your goals already have fallen by the wayside, Uria says to start up again immediately. “A little setback is OK; get back on the horse and ride. drive toward that goal,“ he says. 6 According to the author, only about 20%
19、people keeping their resolutions does not necessarily mean that _. （ A） the figure is rather depressing and unexpected as well （ B） those who have made their resolution should give up their effort （ C） whoever keep their resolutions should start eating potato chips （ D） long-term resolutions are not
20、 important for those facing troubles 7 What is the idea behind the 90-10 eating rule acording to the passage? （ A） You should keep eating healthy 90% of the time. （ B） You should feel to eat 10% of the time. （ C） You should learn to eat healthy gradually. （ D） Sudden change will be more efficient an
21、d effective. 8 Which of the following you should avoid to keep yourself interested in exercise? （ A） Hanging up your exercise shoes if you feel tired. （ B） Keeping boredom away from your daily activity. （ C） Making a schedule with too high goals in it. （ D） Running a marathon at the beginning of the
22、 month. 9 How many suggestions at least have been introduced concerning the exercise resolution? （ A） Four （ B） Five （ C） Six （ D） Seven 10 What is critically important in making long-lerm resolutions successful? （ A） You should be struggling with yourself all the time. （ B） You should constantly ev
23、aluate the results you want. （ C） You should try to keep yourself motivated. （ D） You should try your best to diversify your fitness practice. 10 Our present generation of cultural critics, arriving after the assault of postmodernism and the increasingly widespread commercialization of culture, has
24、been cast adrift, without any firm basis for judgments. Publications and institutions to support serious criticism, in this view, either no longer exist or are few in number. Critics today, it is also claimed, are too cozy behind the ivied walls of academe, content to employ a prose style that is de
25、cipherable only to a handful of the cognoscenti. The deadly dive of Uniersity critics into the shallow depths of popular culture, moreover, reveals the unwillingness of these critics to uphold standards. Even if the reasons offered are contradictory, these Jeremiahs huddle around their sad conclusio
26、n that serious cultural criticism has fallen into a morass of petty bickering and bloated reputations. Such narratives of declension, a staple of American intellectual life since the time of the Puritans, are misplaced, self-serving, and historically inaccurate, so difficult to prove. Has the level
27、of criticism declined in the last 50 years? Of coarse the logic of such an opinion depends on the figures that are being contrasted with one another. Any number of cultural critics thriving today could be invoked to demonstrate that cultural criticism is alive and well. But many new and thriving ven
28、ues for criticism and debate exist today, and they are not limited solely t6 the discussion of literary works. Actually, they became so entrusted with their own certitude and political judgments that they beacme largely irrelevant. Today the complaint is that literary culture lacks civility. We live
29、 in an age of commercialism and spectacle. Writers seek the limelight, and one way to bask in it is to publish reviews that scorch the landscape, with Dale Peck as the famous, but not a typical case in point. Heidi Julavits, in an essay in The Believer, lamented the downfall of serious fiction and r
30、eviewing. She surveyed a literary culture that had embraced “snark“, her term for hostile, self-serving reviews. The snark review, according to Julavits, eschews a serious engagement with literature in favor of a sound-bite approach, an attempt to turn the review into a form of entertainment akin to
31、 film reviews or restaurant critiques. A critic found cultural criticism to be in “critical condition“. For him, the postmodern turn to theory, in its questioning of objectivity, cut the critical, independent ground out from under reviewers. The rise of chain bookstores and blockbuster best sellers
32、demeaned literary culture, making it prey to the commercial values of the market and entertainment. The criticism does not seem discontinuous. Nor should we forget that civility rarely reigned in the circles of New York intellectuals. The art critic Clement Greenberg physically pummeled the theatre
33、critic Lionel Abel after Abel rejected the view that Jean Wahl, the French philosopher, was anti-Semitic. Though Robert Peck has the reputation of a literary hatchet man, so far as I know his blows thus far have all been confined to the printed page. Cultural criticism has certainly changed over the
34、 years. The old days of the critic who wielded unchallenged authority have happily passed. Ours is a more pluralistic age, one not beholden to a narrow literary culture. The democratization of criticism as in the Amazon system of readers evaluating books is a messy affair, as democracy must be. But
35、the solution to the problems of criticism in the present is best not discovered in the musty basements of nostalgia and sentiment for the cultual criticism of a half-century gone. Rather the solution is to recognize, as John Dewey did almost a century ago, that the problems of democracy demand more
36、democracy, less nostalgia for a golden age that never was, and a spirit of openness to what is new and invigorating in our culture. 11 What is the possible connection between cultural critics and publications and institutions? （ A） Cultural critics attack postmodernism and commercialization cherishe
37、d by publications and institutions. （ B） Postmodernism and commercialization are attacked by the serious publications and institutions. （ C） Cultural criticism is short of judgments and will not exist without the support of publications and institutions. （ D） Publications and institutions show almos
38、t no interest in serious cultural criticism. 12 How do the university critics like the serious cultural criticism? （ A） Cultural criticism is not serious enough when the articles are written in the cozy prose style. （ B） Popular culture is so prevailing that serious critics are not willing to keep t
39、o the shallow standards. （ C） Serious cultural criticism is full of insignificant quarrels and the public do not really trust it. （ D） Cultural critics have become so serious as to tell the stories imbued with American intellectual Puritanism. 13 What is the authors opinion of the current complaint
40、about the literary expansion into the other fields? （ A） When literary critics discuss issues with political judgments, their views are likely to be meaningless. （ B） It is reasonable for writers to seek limelight since we are living in the age of commercialism. （ C） Critics should be encouraged to
41、write and publish poignant articles which would scorch the landscape. （ D） It is the critics responsibility to lament the downfall of serious fiction and reviewing. 14 What does “the snark review“ refer to according to Heidi Julavits? （ A） Cultural reviews which are unfriendly and selfless. （ B） Lit
42、erary reviews avoiding serious criticism. （ C） Entertainment reviews in the film industry. （ D） Postmodern reviews independent of objectivity. 15 In order to find a way out the current dilemma for the cultunal criticism, the author suggests that _. （ A） we should return to the old days when the crit
43、ics passed their judgments without challenges （ B） pluralism should be held back, reinforcing the unchallenged authority in the literary criticism （ C） democriatic criticism should not be adopted because it is rather messy as proved in the Amazon system （ D） we should encourage more democracy, dismi
44、ss nostalgia and cultivate an open attitude 15 In July, almost unnoticed by the national press, a deadly bird virus arrived on a pheasant farm in Surrey. Experts from the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) identified Newcastle disease, a virus usually mortal to turkeys an
45、d geese but not humans, in a flock of 9,000 pheasant chicks imported from France ahead of the shooting season. Within hours of the diagnosis, veterinary experts had swung into action, throwing up a 3km exclusion zone around the farm near Cobham and culling 10,000 birds. The carcasses were burned and
46、 premises cleaned to stop the virus escaping. It was four weeks before Defras Veterinary Exotic Diseases Division felt it was safe for poultry move virus has reached Turkey, similar emergency plans are being readied by officials from Defra and other agencies. The scenario they are preparing for is t
47、hat the H5Nlvirns, which so far has led to the culling of billions of chickens in south-east Asia and 60 human deaths, will soon arrive on these shores. What happens next depends on where the outbreak occurs, whether it can be contained, and most important of all whether it mutates to become infecti
48、ous between people. So far, only poultry workers or those directly exposed to chicken faeces or blood are thought to be at risk, though direct human-to-human transmission cannot be ruled out. “Every time a new person gets infected with the virus there is a small chance that person will trigger a pan
49、demic,“ said Neil Ferguson, a scientist at Imperial College, who has been running simulations on what might happen were H5N1 to reach Britain. “Its a very small chance, probably 1 in a 1,000, 1 in 10,00O or less.“ Should diseased birds reach Britain, the first step for veterinary officials would be to contain the outbreak as they did with Newcastle disease. An amber alert would be sounded and samples sent to the Veterinary Laboratory Agency (VLA) in Weybridge, Surrey. If lan Brown, the head of avian virology, there, confir
