1、2013年中国科学院考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 Between 1981 and 1987, the number of permanent jobs had increased by only 1,000, although training has been substantially_by the corporation. （ A） boosted （ B） curtailed （ C） plunged （ D） expended 2 It is a touching scene that every parent can i
2、mmediately_because they have gone through the same ritual with their own children. （ A） come through （ B） identify with （ C） take up （ D） refer to 3 In ancient mythology there were no impassable_separating the divine from the human beings. （ A） polarity （ B） split （ C） gulf （ D） void 4 Guarantees an
3、d warranties tell buyers the repairs for which a manufacturer is_. （ A） qualified （ B） agreeable （ C） compatible （ D） liable 5 The oil spill had a_effect on sea birds and other wildlife. （ A） reluctant （ B） mischievous （ C） devastating （ D） malignant 6 A friend is, _, a second self. （ A） as it is （
4、B） as it were （ C） as well as （ D） as though 7 He leaned out of an upstairs window and felt a current of warm air_from the street. （ A） exalting （ B） ascending （ C） swaying （ D） fluctuating 8 In a market economy, it is impractical to_big banks to reduce the qualification to provide financial support
5、 for small and medium-sized enterprises. （ A） take on （ B） bear on （ C） hold on （ D） count on 9 The author_us as consistently fair and accurate about the issues. （ A） dismissed （ B） agitated （ C） struck （ D） seized 10 The new system is similar to the old one_there is still a strong central governmen
6、t. （ A） now that （ B） so that （ C） in case that （ D） in that 11 In the final analysis, it is our_of death which decides our answers to all the questions that life puts to us. （ A） conception （ B） deception （ C） reception （ D） presentation 12 The great tragedy of life is not that men , but that they
7、cease to love. （ A） terminate （ B） expire （ C） perish （ D） wither 13 His doctor has told him he mustnt drink, but he still has the occasional brandy_. （ A） on the spot （ B） on the sly （ C） in nature （ D） in short 14 In some African countries, the cost of treating an AIDS patient may_his or her entir
8、e annual income. （ A） exploit （ B） expel （ C） expire （ D） exceed 15 The current_with exam results is actually harming childrens education. （ A） intervention （ B） manipulation （ C） obsession （ D） domination 16 Sometimes certain families adhered_the same religious beliefs for several generations. （ A）
9、 to （ B） for （ C） after （ D） with 17 He knew that the areas rich plant life had been severely_by the huge herds of cows grazing the land. （ A） depleted （ B） decomposed （ C） corrupted （ D） corroded 18 The long wait for news of my exam results has already set my nerves_. （ A） on fire （ B） on edge （ C）
10、 on earth （ D） on impulse 19 A solution must be found that doesnt_too many people in this group, otherwise it cannot work. （ A） arouse （ B） offend （ C） spur （ D） violate 20 The Federal Government_farmers by buying their surplus crops at prices above the market value. （ A） pirates （ B） mediates （ C）
11、supplements （ D） subsidizes 二、 Cloze 20 Parents who believe that playing video games is less harmful to their kids attention spans than watching TV may want to reconsider. Some researchers【 C1】 _more than 1, 300 children in different grades for a year. They asked both the kids and their parents to e
12、stimate how many hours per week the kids spent watching TV and playing video games and they【 C2】 _the childrens attention spans by【 C3】 _their schoolteachers. 【 C4】 _studies have examined the effect of TV or video games on attention problems, but not both. By looking at video-game use【 C5】 _TV watch
13、ing, these scientists were able to show for the first time that the two activities have a similar relationship【 C6】 _attention problems. Shawn Green, a psychologist at the University of Minnesota, points out that the study doesnt distinguish between the type of【 C7】 _required to excel at a video gam
14、e and that required to excel in school. “A child who is capable of playing a video game for hours【 C8】 _obviously does not have a【 C9】 _problem with paying attention,“ says Green. “【 C10】 _are they able to pay attention to a game but not in school? What expectancies have the games set up that arent
15、being delivered in a school【 C11】 _?“ Modern TV shows are so exciting and fast paced that they make reading and schoolwork seem【 C12】 _by comparison, and the same may be true【 C13】 _video games, the study notes. “We werent able to break the games down by educational versus non-educational【 C14】 _non
16、violent versus violent,“ says Swing, 【 C15】 _that the impact that different types of games may have on attention is a ripe area for future research. 21 【 C1】 （ A） followed （ B） trained （ C） questioned （ D） challenged 22 【 C2】 （ A） provoked （ B） speculated （ C） formulated （ D） assessed 23 【 C3】 （ A）
17、surveying （ B） considering （ C） persuading （ D） guiding 24 【 C4】 （ A） Continued （ B） Previous （ C） Later （ D） Ongoing 25 【 C5】 （ A） far from （ B） except for （ C） as well as （ D） instead of 26 【 C6】 （ A） for （ B） to （ C） on （ D） of 27 【 C7】 （ A） competition （ B） technique （ C） attention （ D） strategy
18、 28 【 C8】 （ A） on end （ B） at length （ C） now and then （ D） in and out 29 【 C9】 （ A） similar （ B） relevant （ C） serious （ D） tricky 30 【 C10】 （ A） What （ B） Why （ C） When （ D） Where 31 【 C11】 （ A） setting （ B） scene （ C） frame （ D） platform 32 【 C12】 （ A） industrious （ B） limited （ C） dull （ D） funn
19、y 33 【 C13】 （ A） on （ B） at （ C） in （ D） for 34 【 C14】 （ A） or （ B） against （ C） while （ D） with 35 【 C15】 （ A） adding （ B） adds （ C） added （ D） having added 三、 Reading Comprehension 35 Ever since the early days of modern computing in the 1940s, the biological metaphor has been irresistible. The fir
20、st computers room-size behemoths were referred to as “giant brains“ or “electronic brains“ , in headlines and everyday speech. As computers improved and became capable of some tasks familiar to humans, like playing chess, the term used was “artificial intelligence“. DNA, it is said, is the original
21、software. For the most part, the biological metaphor has long been just that a simplifying analogy rather than a blueprint for how to do computing. Engineering, not biology, guided the pursuit of artificial intelligence. As Frederick Jelinek, a pioneer in speech recognition, put it, “airplanes dont
22、flap their wings. “ Yet the principles of biology are gaining ground as a tool in computing. The shift in thinking results from advances in neuroscience and computer science, and from the prod of necessity. The physical limits of conventional computer designs are within sight not today or tomorrow,
23、but soon enough. Nanoscale circuits cannot shrink much further. Todays chips are power hogs, running hot, which curbs how much of a chips circuitry can be used. These limits loom as demand is accelerating for computing capacity to make sense of a surge of new digital data from sensors, online commer
24、ce, social networks, video streams and corporate and government databases. To meet the challenge, without gobbling the worlds energy supply, a different approach will be needed. And biology, scientists say, promises to contribute more than metaphors. “Every time we look at this, biology provides a c
25、lue as to how we should pursue the frontiers of computing,“ said John E. Kelly, the director of research at I. B. M. Dr. Kelly points to Watson, the question-answering computer that can play “ Jeopardy!“ and beat two human champions earlier this year. I. B. M. s clever machine consumes 85, 000 watts
26、 of electricity, while the human brain runs on just 20 watts. “Evolution figured this out,“ Dr. Kelly said. Several biologically inspired paths are being explored by computer scientists in universities and corporate laboratories worldwide. One project, a collaboration of computer scientists and neur
27、oscientists begun three years ago, has been encouraging enough that in August it won a $21 million round of government financing. In recent months, the team has developed prototype “ neurosynaptic“ microprocessors, or chips that operate more like neurons and synapses than like conventional semicondu
28、ctors. 36 Paragraph 1 mainly tells_. （ A） what the biological metaphor is （ B） how computers have improved （ C） when modern computing began （ D） why DNA is the original software 37 Frederick Jelineks quotation implies that_. （ A） technology is created by humans rather than by God （ B） airplanes diff
29、er from birds when using their wings （ C） computers can hardly match human brains （ D） biology can barely serve to explain computing 38 To meet growing demands computers need to be_. （ A） more complex in circuitry （ B） smaller in chip size （ C） more energy efficient （ D） more heat-sensitive 39 The b
30、oldfaced word “frontiers“(in Para. 5)refers to_. （ A） computing problems （ B） networking regulations （ C） streaming restrictions （ D） online shopping benefits 40 The human brain is superior to Watson in_. （ A） question generation （ B） power consumption （ C） event organization （ D） speech recognition
31、 41 In pushing the boundaries of computing, biology serves as a(n)_. （ A） initiator （ B） director （ C） accelerator （ D） contributor 41 South Koreas hagwon(private tutoring academies)crackdown is one part of a larger quest to tame the countrys culture of educational masochism. At the national and loc
32、al levels, politicians are changing school testing and university admissions policies to reduce student stress and reward softer qualities like creativity. “ One-size-fits-all, government-led uniform curriculums and an education system that is locked only onto the college-entrance examination are no
33、t acceptable,“ President Lee Myung-bak vowed at his inauguration in 2008. But cramming is deeply embedded in Asia, where top grades and often nothing else have long been prized as essential for professional success. Modern-day South Korea has taken this competition to new extremes. In 2010, 74% of a
34、ll students engaged in some kind of private after-school instruction, sometimes called shadow education, at an average cost of $ 2, 600 per student for the year. There are more private instructors in South Korea than there are schoolteachers, and the most popular of them make millions of dollars a y
35、ear from online and in-person classes. When Singapores Education Minister was asked last year about his nations reliance on private tutoring, he found one reason for hope: “Were not as bad as the Koreans. “ In Seoul, legions of students who fail to get into top universities spend the entire year aft
36、er high school attending hagwons to improve their scores on university admissions exams. And they must compete even to do this. At the prestigious Daesung Institute, admission is based(diabolically enough)on students test scores. Only 14% of applicants are accepted. After a year of 14-hour days, abo
37、ut 70% gain entry to one of the nations top three universities. From a distance, South Koreas results look enviable. Its students consistently outperform their counterparts in almost every country in reading and math. In the U. S. , Barack Obama and his Education Secretary speak glowingly of the ent
38、husiasm South Korean parents have for educating their children, and they lament how far U. S. students are falling behind. Without its education obsession, South Korea could not have transformed into the economic powerhouse that it is today. But the countrys leaders worry that unless its rigid, hier
39、archical system starts to nurture more innovation, economic growth will stall. “You Americans see a bright side of the Korean system,“ Education Minister Lee Ju-ho tells me, “but Koreans are not happy with it. “ 42 South Koreans educational system_. （ A） gives much weight to exams （ B） stresses stud
40、ents creativity （ C） shames the countrys culture （ D） offers easy admissions 43 Shadow education_. （ A） casts a shadow in students minds （ B） makes the students scores level （ C） stimulates competition among teachers （ D） takes the form of private tutoring 44 In Seoul, students who fail to get into
41、top universities_. （ A） can only go to private universities （ B） must spend one more year in high schools （ C） may choose any hagwon they like （ D） need to fight for good private tutoring 45 Parents in South Korea_. （ A） usually supervise their children from a distance （ B） only focus on their kids
42、reading and math （ C） devote much of their energy to their kids education （ D） lament the way the US parents educate their children 46 South Koreas education obsession_. （ A） has failed to nurture any creative student （ B） has contributed to the countrys economic growth （ C） has led to an increase i
43、n the nations fertility rates （ D） has won world notoriety for South Korean parents 47 With respect to the future of the educational system, South Korean politicians_. （ A） are concerned about its rigidity （ B） see it as a model for other cultures （ C） wish to encourage the birth of more children （
44、D） hope to expand the scope of private tutoring 47 A dispute that, according to MPs, threatens the very survival of London Metropolitan University, the capitals biggest higher education institution, is spilling over on to Londons streets. Last week lorry drivers on Holloway Road in Islington watched
45、 as a group of students and staff picketed a meeting of London Mets governors. “Save our Staff“ and “London Met on the Roper“ , a reference to the universitys vice-chancellor, Professor Brian Roper, screamed the banners. The university, which has 34, 000 students, has long attracted controversy for
46、the militancy of its staff and students, but the latest row is a more serious matter. This crisis is over an attempt by the Higher Education Funding Council to claw back more than 50m of money that London Met should not have received. It is believed that as many as 500 jobs could go as a result of t
47、he university having been overpaid for student dropouts since 2005, and the unions are furious, claiming at the same time that the university is being unfairly treated by Hefc but that neither the managers nor the governors have explored the alternatives to job cuts. “ The University and College Uni
48、on are very concerned that the Hefc regulations appear to discriminate against widening participation,“ said a UCU spokesperson. “But we also feel very strongly about the fact that the management are not consulting the unions as they are required to do in law and that they have not considered altern
49、atives like a freeze on new appointments. “ One of the issues in dispute is whether students who did not take their assessments at the end of the year but were intending to take them the following year should be classified as drop-outs. Hefc considers them to have dropped out and says that its funding definit
