1、专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 121及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s)
2、 you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 How to Be an Expert I. Background information about the speaker A. Being an expert in anthropology himself B. Starting conside
3、ring the question when attending a(n)【 T1】 _【 T1】 _ thinking about how to become the person to be needed and how to become experts in ones field II. Whats an expert: five【 T2】 _ of being real experts【 T2】 _ A. Immense working knowledge of a specific field 【 T3】 _【 T3】 _ knowing where to【 T4】 _ not m
4、emorized【 T4】 _ B. Significant experience working with that knowledge applying it in【 T5】 _【 T5】 _ solving problems with【 T6】 _ solutions to refer【 T6】 _ identifying problems not noticed C.【 T7】 _【 T7】 _ making one【 T8】 _ to the problem without such ability【 T8】 _ having no time to develop your expe
5、rtise without such ability D. 【 T9】 _【 T9】 _ embedded in a web of other experts embedded in a wider social web E. Curiosity curious about their fields able to recognize their【 T10】 _, etc.【 T10】 _ III. How to become an expert A. Through schooling,【 T11】 _, etc.【 T11】 _ B. No “quick and easy“ way C.
6、Things for you to focus on perpetual learning a)being aware of ones【 T12】 _ of current knowledge【 T12】 _ b)lifelong learning process 【 T13】 _【 T13】 _ a)strong connections with people in the same field b)earning to promote oneself practice:【 T14】 _ ones expertise through daily practice【 T14】 _ presen
7、tation skills a)web design and power point b)writing, drawing, public speaking, the way you dress 【 T15】 _ widely, so that【 T15】 _ a)people understand why they need an expert b)you wont be the only person to solve a problem 1 【 T1】 2 【 T2】 3 【 T3】 4 【 T4】 5 【 T5】 6 【 T6】 7 【 T7】 8 【 T8】 9 【 T9】 10 【
8、 T10】 11 【 T11】 12 【 T12】 13 【 T13】 14 【 T14】 15 【 T15】 15 Controlling Your Concentration I. The concerned information of concentration A. Your attention span【 T1】 _【 T1】 _ e.g. the ticking of a watch sounds as if it increases and fades although the intensity of it is constant B. You pay attention t
9、o one thing at a time a(n)【 T2】 _: you attend to several concepts at a tune【 T2】 _ In high concentration: the shift from focus of attention is a)of short【 T3】 _【 T3】 _ b)【 T4】 _【 T4】 _ C.【 T5】 _ of your attention vary to different degrees【 T5】 _ high level: long periods of attending: short distracti
10、on periods low level: short periods of attending: long distraction periods moderate level:【 T6】 _【 T6】 _ e.g. One cant concentrate because【 T7】 _ are too strong【 T7】 _ II. Two sorts of distractors A. Psychological distractors 【 T8】 _ are the most powerful distractors【 T8】 _ a)angry man forgets the p
11、ain b)fearful man is hard to be happy c)anxious man is uneasy about the smallest of matters people act【 T9】 _ under pressure【 T9】 _ B.【 T10】 _【 T10】 _ traits: always present and rarely understood physical distractors on mental tasks a)background music could affect comprehension and【 T11】 _【 T11】 _ b
12、)distractors affect the ability to recall accurately c)【 T12】 _ affects mental task adversely【 T12】 _ III. Routine and【 T13】 _ are affected differently by distractors【 T13】 _ A. Distraction may not affect【 T14】 _in some backgrounds【 T14】 _ B. Exceptional people do well under【 T15】 _ because【 T15】 _
13、motivation plays importantly differences exist in individual spans of attention 16 【 T1】 17 【 T2】 18 【 T3】 19 【 T4】 20 【 T5】 21 【 T6】 22 【 T7】 23 【 T8】 24 【 T9】 25 【 T10】 26 【 T11】 27 【 T12】 28 【 T13】 29 【 T14】 30 【 T15】 专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 121答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a
14、mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may us
15、e the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 【听力原文】 How to Be an Expert Hi, everyone. Ive been thinking lately, what makes someone an “expert“ in his or her field, which is also the topic of todays lecture. As far as I know, Lorelle has been thinking
16、the same thing, because she recently wrote a post called What Gives You the Right to Tell Me? at the Blog Herald that explores the issue of expertise in some depth. For me, this question started to occur to me when I was invited to speak at an academic conference on anthropology recently. Apparently
17、, I have become an expert on the topic, someone people look to when they want more information. How did that happen? This is not a topic I studied at school or the subject of my dissertation: in fact, it wasnt even really a topic at all until the US Army released their new counterinsurgen-cy field m
18、anual last year and started for operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Thinking about how I came to be a “go-to“ person on this topic has gotten me thinking about how anyone becomes the person to call when you need help, about how people become experts in their field. In fact, anyone who thinks they ha
19、ve learned everything there is to know about a topic probably isnt an expert Id call them something closer to “rank amateur“. Lets start with this question: Whats an expert? While knowledge is obviously an important quality of expertise, its only one of several factors that make someone an expert in
20、 their field. Ive come up with five characteristics of real experts: knowledge, experience, communication ability, connectedness and curiosity. Now lets come to them respectively in detail. Clearly being an expert requires an immense working knowledge of your subject. Part of this is memorized infor
21、mation, and part of it is knowing where to find information you havent memorized. In addition to knowledge, an expert needs to have significant experience working with that knowledge. He or she needs to be able to apply it in creative ways, to be able to solve problems that have no pre-existing solu
22、tions they can look up and to identify problems that nobody else has noticed yet. Expertise without the ability to communicate it is practically pointless. Being the only person in the world who can solve a problem, time after time after time, doesnt make you an expert, it makes you a slave to the p
23、roblem. It might make you a living, but its not going to give you much time to develop your expertise meaning sooner or later, someone with knowledge and communication ability is going to figure out your secret, teach it to the world, and leave you to the dustbin of history. Expertise is, ultimately
24、, social. Experts are embedded in a web of other experts who exchange new ideas and approaches to problems, and they are embedded in a wider social web that connects them to people who need their expertise. Experts are curious about their field and recognize the limitations of their own understandin
25、g of it, They are constantly seeking new answers, new approaches, and new ways of extending their field. Then, lets move on to this topic: How to become an expert? Sometimes becoming an expert just kind of happens, which is how I became an expert in anthropology and counterinsurgency without really
26、trying. But most of the time, we carefully pursue expertise, whether through schooling, self-education, on-the-job training, or some other avenue. Theres no “quick and easy“ path to expertise. That said, people do become experts every day, in all sorts of fields. You become an expert by focusing on
27、these things: Firstly, that is perpetual learning. Being an expert means being aware, sometimes painfully aware, of the limitations of your current level of knowledge. There simply is no point as which youre “done“ learning your field Invest yourself in a lifelong learning process. Constantly be on
28、the lookout for ideas and views both within and from outside your own field that can extend your own understanding. Then, build strong connections with other people in your field. Seek out mentors and make yourself available to the less experienced. Also, learn to promote yourself to the people who
29、need your skills the only way youll gain experience is by getting out and doing, which is whats we called networking. Furthermore, not just in the “gain experience“ sense but in your the “practice what you preach“ sense. You wouldnt trust a personal organizer who always forgot your appointments, or
30、a search engine optimization expert whose site was listed on the 438th results page in Google, right? Your daily practice needs to reflect your expertise, or people will not trust you as an expert. So, practice is necessary. The fourth thing is presentation skills: Learn to use whatever technologies
31、 you need to present your expertise in the best possible way. And by “technologies“ I dont just mean web design and PowerPoint, I mean writing, drawing, public speaking even the way you dress will determine whether youre taken for an expert or a know-it-all schmuck. Lastly, remember to share: 10 yea
32、rs ago, nobody knew they needed expert bloggers on their staff to promote themselves. 5 years ago, nobody knew they needed SEO experts to get attention for their websites. A handful of early experts experts that, in some cases, didnt even know what they were experts in shared enough of what they kne
33、w to make people understand why they needed experts. Share your knowledge widely, so that people understand why they need an expert, and you dont become a one-trick pony who is the only person who can fix a particular problem. To sum up briefly, weve discussed what an expert is and how to become one
34、. Hope all of you have enjoyed this lecture. Thank you. 【知识模块】 听力填空 1 【正确答案】 academic conference 【试题解析】 讲座的主题是 what makes someone an expert in his her field，接着演讲者提到了他在一次受邀参加有关人类学的学术会议演讲时开始思考这个问题，因此答案为 academic conference。文章一开始介绍讲座的主题和演讲者对主题的看法或相关叙述，是常考之处。 【知识模块】 听力填空 2 【正确答案】 characteristics feature
35、s 【试题解析】 此题开始谈论作为真正领域专家的 5个特征，故答案为characteristics或 features。要点提示 lets start with后是常考内容笔记不可忽略。 【知识模块】 听力填空 3 【正确答案】 memorized information 【试题解析】 此题涉及第一个特征的具体信息，包括两种类型： memorized information和 knowing where to find information。因此答案为 memorized information。 【知识模块】 听力填空 4 【正确答案】 find information 【试题解析】 此题
36、涉及第二个特征，根据空格前的不定式标志 to，判断填入动词原形，填原词 find information。 【知识模块】 听力填空 5 【正确答案】 creative ways 【试题解析】 讲座提到，他她能够用一种创新的方式运用。因此填入 creative ways。 【知识模块】 听力填空 6 【正确答案】 no pre-existing no ready-made 【试题解析】 此题涉及第二个特征 experience。讲座提到，他她应能解决无前例可参考的问题。因此，空白处应为 no pre-existing或同义词 no ready-made。 【知识模块】 听力填空 7 【正确答案】
37、 Communication ability Ability to communicate 【试题解析】 此题涉及第三个特征。在之前的录音中已出现过该信息knowledge， experience， communication ability， connectedness and curiosity，而且根据具体的深入解释， Expertise without the ability to communicate it is practically pointless，可知答案应为 Communication ability或 Ability to communicate。 【知识模块】 听力
38、填空 8 【正确答案】 a slave 【试题解析】 讲座提到，作为世界上唯一一个能解决问题的人，随着时间推移，这不会让你成为专家，反而会让你成为问题的奴隶。空格处缺少的是 a slave。 【知识模块】 听力填空 9 【正确答案】 Connectedness Being socialized 【试题解析】 此题在之前的录音中也出现过。此外，讲座还提到 Expertise is,ultimately,social，因此答案为 Connectedness或 Being socialized。分论点或分标题是常考之处，笔记需注意。 【知识模块】 听力填空 10 【正确答案】 understandi
39、ng limitations 【试题解析】 讲座提到，专家 对自己的领域很好奇，而且知道自己的极限。由于空格最多填入三个词，故将录音提到的内容概括为 understanding limitations。 【知识模块】 听力填空 11 【正确答案】 self-education on-the-job training 【试题解析】 此题开始谈论文章的第二个主题，如何成为专家。列举了几种方式 pursue expertise ， whether through schooling， self-education， on-the-job training， or some other avenue，
40、结合题目出现的 etc，只需填入其中一个内容即可。可知答案为 self-education或 on-the-job training。列举是常考之处，尤其是多个方式，笔记应特别留意。 【知识模块】 听力填空 12 【正确答案】 limitation lack shortage 【试题解析】 考查 perpetual learning的内容。讲座提到 “作为专家，就意味着要保持清醒，有时会是痛苦的清醒，因为你必须知晓你目前知识水平所存在的缺陷(limitation)。 ”故答案为 limitation，或根据句意填入同义词 lack， shortage。 【知识模块】 听力填空 13 【正确答案
41、】 networking 【试题解析】 根据题目设置，填入的内容与 perpetual learning并列。讲座提到，将自己推销给需要你的技能的人，我们称之为 networking。填入 networking一词即可。 【知识模块】 听力填空 14 【正确答案】 reflecting showing presenting 【试题解析】 考查 practice的内容。根据 “你的每日练习需反映 (reflect)出你的专业技能，否则人们不会相信你是位专家 ”，故答案为 reflecting或 showing，presenting。 【知识模块】 听力填空 15 【正确答案】 sharing y
42、our knowledge 【试题解析】 由原文 Share your knowledge widely可知本题答案。关于分论点或分标题的内容是常考之处，笔记需注意。 【知识模块】 听力填空 15 【听力原文】 Controlling Your Concentration Good morning, everyone. Today our topic is on how to control your concentration. First of all, we have to look at definition of concentration. Psychologically defi
43、ned, concentration is the process of centering ones attention over a period of time. In practical application, however, concentration is not as simple to deal successfully with as the definition may imply. For this reason, it is helpful to keep the following points in mind. The first point your atte
44、ntion span varies. Even with the greatest effort, our span of attention fluctuates. You can demonstrate for yourself this fluctuation of attention. In a quiet room, place a watch so that it can just scarcely be heard. Listen carefully and notice how the ticking increases in apparent intensity, fades
45、 to a point where it cannot be heard, and then increases a-gain. This phenomenon reveals how our span of attention fluctuates, for the intensity of the ticking is actually constant. Secondly, you pay attention to one thing at a time. Evidence to date indicates that you attend to one idea at a time.
46、It is possible for your attention to shift so rapidly that it seems that you attend to several concepts at once. But apparently this is only an illusion. In high concentration the shift from the focus of attention is of short duration and relatively infrequent. Thirdly, we will talk about levels of
47、high, moderate, and low attention. High-level attention has long periods of attending and short distraction periods. In low-level attention the periods of attending are short and the distraction periods long. In moderate-level attention, there is a mixture of the extremes. Thus it is easy to see tha
48、t it is highly unlikely that the student who has most of his attention centered on fancying at large will be able to recall even the major points of a lecture. Lack of concentration is a symptom, not a cause, of difficulty. When a student says “I cant concentrate“, what he is really saying is, “I cant attend to the task at hand because my distractors are too strong.“ Fourthly, we come to the two sorts of distractors psychological an
