1、专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 218及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s)
2、 you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 Body Language in Business I. Importance of Body Language Give others a(n)【 T1】 _【 T1】 _ Show our【 T2】 _【 T2】 _ Find out what o
3、thers really mean II. Five Types of Body Languages Explained A. Posture Natural alignment of head and body Showing how one will【 T3】 _ a situation【 T3】 _ a. Posture of shoulders, arms, head and fists when standing shows whether youre ready for or【 T4】 _ a task.【 T4】 _ b. Feet show whether your are e
4、xtrovert or not B. Space Taking up more space looks more【 T5】 _【 T5】 _ a. Standing sitting b. Moving around: others might feel【 T6】 _【 T6】 _ c. Sitting:【 T7】 _; arms at the side of the chair【 T7】 _ d. Stand up over the phone C.【 T8】 _【 T8】 _ Holding ones chin or scratching ones face shows one has【 T
5、9】 _【 T9】_ Cue to offer solutions D. Facial expression Smile: feel【 T10】 _【 T10】 _ Frown:【 T11】 _ or unsure of something【 T11】 _ Get messages across with right facial expression E. Eye contact Maintaining eye contact an impression of confidence and【 T12】 _【 T12】_ Little eye contact dislike, nervous,
6、 shy, or feel【 T13】 _ to you【 T13】 _ Non-stop eye contact: stressful Wearing sunglasses: uncomfortable; attempts to hide ones【 T14】 _【 T14】_ 【 T15】 _: easier to be understood; confident【 T15】 _ 1 【 T1】 2 【 T2】 3 【 T3】 4 【 T4】 5 【 T5】 6 【 T6】 7 【 T7】 8 【 T8】 9 【 T9】 10 【 T10】 11 【 T11】 12 【 T12】 13 【
7、 T13】 14 【 T14】 15 【 T15】 15 Differences Between Cultures in Non-verbal Communications I. Cultural influence on nonverbal behaviour Low-context cultures think【 T1】 _ is more important【 T1】 _ High-context cultures think【 T2】 _【 T2】 _ II.【 T3】 _【 T3】 _ America: women show fear, not anger; men show ang
8、er, not fear China its importance is multiplied across cultures. This is because we tend to look for nonverbal cues when verbal messages are unclear or ambiguous, as they are more likely to be across cultures, especially when different languages are being used. Since nonverbal behavior arises from o
9、ur cultural common sense our ideas of what is appropriate, normal, and effective as communication in relationships we use different systems of understanding gestures, posture, silence, spacial relations, emotional expression, touch, physical appearance, and other nonverbal cues. Cultures also attrib
10、ute different degrees of importance to verbal and nonverbal behavior.1Low-context cultures like the United States and Canada tend to give relatively less emphasis to nonverbal communication. This does not mean that nonverbal communication does not happen, or that it is unimportant,1but that people i
11、n these settings tend to place less importance on it than on the literal meanings of words of themselves.2In high-context settings such as Japan or Colombia, understanding the nonverbal components of communication is relatively more important to receiving the intended meaning of the communication as
12、 a whole. Some elements of nonverbal communication are consistent across cultures. For example, research has shown that the emotions of enjoyment, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, and surprise are expressed in similar ways by people around the world. Today, I will mainly focus on the differences and i
13、ntroduce the variables of non-verbal differences across cultures. 3The first difference surfaces with respect to which emotions are acceptable to display in various cultural settings, and by whom. For instance, it may be more social acceptable in some settings in the United States for women to show
14、fear, but not anger, and for men to display anger, but not fear. At the same time, interpretation of facial expressions across cultures is difficult.4In China and Japan, for example, a facial expression that would be recognized around the world as conveying happiness may actually express anger or ma
15、sk sadness, both of which are unacceptable to show overtly. These differences of interpretation may lead to conflict, or escalate existing conflict.5Suppose a Japanese person is explaining her absence from negotiations due to a death in her family. She may do so with a smile, based on her cultural b
16、elief that it is not appropriate to inflict the pain of grief on others.5For a Westerner who understands smiles to mean friendliness and happiness, this smile may seem incongruous and even cold, under the circumstances. Even though some facial expressions may be similar across cultures, their interp
17、retations remain culture-specific.6It is important to understand something about cultural starting-points and values in order to interpret emotions expressed in cross-cultural interactions. Since we have touched upon the relation between emotion and facial expressions, let me now talk a little bit a
18、bout facial expressions. While some say that facial expressions are identical, meaning attached to them differs. Majority opinion is that these do have similar meanings world-wide with respect to smiling, crying, or showing anger, sorrow, or disgust7/8For example, some see “animated“ expressions as
19、a sign of a lack of control and too much smiling is viewed as a sign of shallowness. Despite these resemblances across cultures, facial expressions do vary from culture to culture. For instance,9many Asian cultures suppress facial expression as much as possible.10Many Mediterranean cultures exaggera
20、te grief or sadness while most American men hide grief or sorrow. The second variable across cultures has to do with proxemics, or ways of relating to space. Crossing cultures, we encounter very different ideas about polite space for conversations and negotiations.11North Americans tend to prefer a
21、large amount of space, perhaps because they are surrounded by it in their homes and countryside. Europeans tend to stand more closely with each other when talking, and are accustomed to smaller personal spaces. In a comparison of North American and French children on a beach, a researcher noticed th
22、at the French children tended to stay in a relatively small space near their parents, while U.S. children ranged up and down a large area of the beach. The difficulty with space preferences is not that they exist, but the judgments that get attached to them.12If someone is accustomed to standing or
23、sitting very close when they are talking with another, they may see the others attempt to create more space as evidence of coldness, condescension, or a lack of interest. Those who are accustomed to more personal space may view attempts to get closer as pushy, disrespectful, or aggressive. Neither i
24、s correct they are simply different. Also related to space is the degree of comfort we feel moving furniture or other objects. It is said that a German executive working in the United States became so upset with visitors to his office moving the guest chair to suit themselves that he had it bolted t
25、o the floor.13Contrast this with U.S. and Canadian mediators and conflict-resolution trainers, whose first step in preparing for a meeting is not infrequently a complete rearrangement of the furniture. 14Finally, line-waiting behavior and behavior in group settings like grocery stores or government
26、offices is culturally-influenced. Novinger reports that the English and U.S. Americans are serious about standing in lines, in accordance with their beliefs in democracy and the principle of “first come, first served.“15The French, on the other hand, have a practice of resquillage, or line jumping,
27、that irritates many British and U.S. Americans. In another example, immigrants from Armenia report that it is difficult to adjust to a system of waiting in line, when their home context permitted one member of a family to save spots for several others. In closing, I would like to say that these exam
28、ples of differences related to nonverbal communication are only the tip of the iceberg. Careful observation, ongoing study from a variety of sources, and cultivating relationships across cultures will all help develop the cultural fluency to work effectively with nonverbal communication differences.
29、 【知识模块】 听力填空 16 【正确答案】 verbal communication 【试题解析】 本题不能直接从讲座中找到答案，要求考生综合理解讲座的信息，正确区分低语境文化国家对言语交流和非言语交流的态度。讲座中两处提到低语境文化的国家偏重言语交流。因此这里填 verbal communication。 【知识模块】 听力填空 17 【正确答案】 the opposite 【试题解析】 本题考查考生的总结归纳能力。讲座先提到低语境文化偏重言语交流，接着讲到高语境文化的情况 理解对话中的非言语部分对于接收交流中所隐含的信息相对来说更为重要，即与前者相反，故这里填 the opposite。
30、 【知识模块】 听力填空 18 【正确答案】 Display of emotions 【试题解析】 本题考查考生概括和提炼信息的能力。讲座中首先提出，跨文化非语言交流的第一个差异表现在不同文化背景下，人们对 “流露感情 ”的接受程度是不同的，接着便举例子加以说明。根据录音和题目中的例子可推知此处应概括为Display of emotions。 【知识模块】 听力填空 19 【正确答案】 anger and sadness 【试题解析】 在中国及日本，愤怒和伤心是不能外露的。听此处录音的时候要抓取关键短语 for example，例子是常见考点。 【知识模块】 听力填空 20 【正确答案】 fr
31、iendliness and happiness 【试题解析】 讲座第一点是关于东西方在面部表情方面的差异，其中以日本人的微笑为例，说明在不同的文化、场合中表露出来的情绪会有不同的含义。西方人认为微笑是友好和高兴的表现，而该例子中日本人微笑地解释自己的缺席并非表示她对 家人的逝去感到开心，因此这里填入 friendliness and happiness。 【知识模块】 听力填空 21 【正确答案】 starting-points 【试题解析】 本题目是原文 It is important to understand something about cultural starting-poin
32、ts and values的同义转换。在跨文化交流中，了解文化出发点和价值观至关重要。 【知识模块】 听力填空 22 【正确答案】 Animated 【试题解析】 本题考查讲座中所举的例子。在一些文化中， “活泼的表情 ”表示“失控 ”。因此这里填 Animated，首字母大写。 【知识模块】 听力填空 23 【正确答案】 shallowness 【试题解析】 本题与上一题属于并列关系，讲座中提到笑得太多是肤浅的象征。因此答案为 shallowness。 【知识模块】 听力填空 24 【正确答案】 suppress 【试题解析】 关于面部表情的差异，讲座提到，亚洲人会尽量压抑面部表情的展现，所
33、以本题答案是 suppress。 【知识模块】 听力填空 25 【正确答案】 exaggerate 【试题解析】 不同地区对待面部表情的态度是不同的。亚洲文化会抑制面部表情；地中海文化通常会夸张地表达伤心和悲痛；而美国男士会隐藏痛苦。这里应填 exaggerate。 【知识模块】 听力填空 26 【正确答案】 bigger 【试题解析】 本题考查不同文化背景的交流距离。北美洲人交流时喜欢保持很远一段距离，欧洲人相对习惯更小的个人空间。由于题目是将二者进行对比，故把 a large amount of space概括为 bigger。 【知识模块】 听力填空 27 【正确答案】 lack of
34、interest 【试题解析】 不同文化背景的人在交流时所习惯的空间距离会有差异，讲座提到，习惯近距离交流的人在对方想拉开或保持距离的时候，可能会觉得对方冷淡、傲慢或不感兴趣，故此处填 lack of interest。 【知识模块】 听力填空 28 【正确答案】 necessary/natural 【试题解析】 本题要求考生在理解原文意思的基础上进行概括。美国人与加拿大人对搬家具的态度与德国人完全相 反，调解者或解决分歧的培训师在准备会议时做的第一件事就是重新布置家具。因此这里填 necessary或 natural均可。 【知识模块】 听力填空 29 【正确答案】 Line-waiting behavio(u)r 【试题解析】 讲座的最后一点是在排队行为上表现的差异，所以本题答案为Line-waiting behavio(u)r。 【知识模块】 听力填空 30 【正确答案】 line jumping/jump the queue 【试题解析】 讲座中提到，美国人严肃对待排 队，而法国人则有插队的习惯，该习惯还激怒很多英美人士。讲座中正反两面的信息常常是考点，做笔记时要多加留意。 【知识模块】 听力填空
