1、北京大学考博英语模拟试卷 5及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 Only by shouting at the top of her voice_. （ A） she was able to make herself hear （ B） was she able to make herself hear （ C） she was able to make herself heard （ D） was she able to make herself heard 2 The dying soldier had the message_straight to
2、the headquarters. （ A） be sent （ B） being sent （ C） sent （ D） to be sent 3 “You must always obey your parents. “Oh, I must,_. （ A） mustnt I （ B） must I （ C） shouldnt I （ D） should I 4 A suitcase with shirt, trousers and shoes_stolen from the car. （ A） have been （ B） has been （ C） are （ D） was 5 Bill
3、 dare try,_he? （ A） doesnt （ B） does （ C） darent （ D） dares 6 Plastics are the best insulator of electricity, rubber_it closely. （ A） following （ B） followed （ C） to follow （ D） being followed 7 Jack and not I_the Great Wall twice. （ A） have visited （ B） has visited （ C） have gone to （ D） has gone t
4、o 8 “Between you and me, he said you are a good for nothing.“_“ （ A） So did he. （ B） So he said. （ C） So he did, did he? （ D） Thus he did. 9 Output is now six times it was before liberation. （ A） that （ B） which （ C） what （ D） as much 10 At his jokes we could not help but_. （ A） laugh （ B） laughing
5、（ C） laughed （ D） laughter 11 The two countries have developed a_relation and increased a great deal in foreign trade. （ A） managerial （ B） lethal （ C） metric （ D） cordial 12 The doctors_was that she should go and see the specialist in this field. （ A） constraint （ B） counsel （ C） coherence （ D） con
6、sciousness 13 The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its_declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind. （ A） unanimous （ B） abstract （ C） autonomous （ D） almighty 14 They need to move to new and large apartments. Do you know of
7、any_ones in this area? （ A） evacuated （ B） empty （ C） vacant （ D） vacate 15 The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get_quickly. （ A） decomposed （ B） denounced （ C） detached （ D） deduced 16 The government decided to take a_action to strengthen the market management. （ A）
8、diverse （ B） durable （ C） epidemic （ D） drastic 17 The local residents were unhappy about the curfew in this region and decided to_it. （ A） disgrace （ B） disguise （ C） defy （ D） distress 18 They admitted that they shared the same_on the matter. （ A） potentiality （ B） sentiment （ C） PostScript （ D） s
9、ubscription 19 We cannot be_with him due to his misbehavior at the meeting yesterday. （ A） pecked （ B） reconciled （ C） perturbed （ D） presumed 20 Bad traveling conditions had seriously_their progress to their destination in that region. （ A） tugged （ B） demolished （ C） hampered （ D） destroyed 二、 Rea
10、ding Comprehension 20 For gathering data about individuals or groups at different developmental levels, researchers can use two related research designs: longitudinal and cross-sectional. A longitudinal study is one that measures a behavior or a characteristic of an individual over a period of time,
11、 perhaps decades. An example of such a study is the Berkeley Growth Study begun in 1928 by Nancy Bayley. The study focused on a group of 74 white, middle-class newborns. As they grew older, extensive measures of their intellectual, personality, and motor development were recorded. The subjects were
12、studied for more than thirty years. The longitudinal research design is a powerful technique for seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development. Also, differences in stability of behaviors or characteristics at different ages can be determined. Longitudinal studies,
13、however, are expensive to conduct, time-consuming, and heavily contingent on the patience and persistence of the researchers. The findings of a longitudinal study may be jeopardized by relocation of subjects to another part of the country and by boredom or irritation at repeated testing. Another dis
14、advantage is that society changes from one time to another and the subjects participating in the study reflect to some degree such changes. The methods of study or the questions guiding the researchers may also change from one time to another. If properly conducted, however, longitudinal studies can
15、 produce useful, direct information about development. A cross-sectional study is one in which subjects of differing ages are selected and compared on a specific behavior or characteristic. They are alike with respect to socioeconomic status, sex, or educational level. For example, a researcher may
16、be interested in looking at changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period. Three groups of subjects ages ten, twenty and thirty, may be selected and tested. Conclusions are drawn from the test data. The cross-sectional research design has the clear advantage of being less expensive to conduct an
17、d certainly less time-consuming. The major disadvantage is that different individuals who make up the study sample have not been observed over time. No information about past influences on development or about age-related changes is secured. Like longitudinal studies, the cross-sectional methods can
18、not erase the generational influence that exists when subjects studied are born at different time. Psychologists are now beginning to use an approach that combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods. 21 Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of a longitudinal research?
19、 （ A） The subjects may become irritated at repeated testing. （ B） The participants in the study may not stay in one place for many years. （ C） The behavior of a subject in the study may be measured continuously for many years. （ D） Social changes may be reflected in the behaviors of the subjects par
20、ticipating in the study. 22 The word “contingent“ in the third paragraph probably means_. （ A） dependent （ B） consecutive （ C） determined （ D） continual 23 Which of the following statements is TRUE? （ A） The subjects in a cross-sectional research are not of the same age group. （ B） The methods of st
21、udy in longitudinal research will not change over time. （ C） Longitudinal research is reliable only in seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development. （ D） Cross-sectional methods are not usually adopted in studying, for example, the changes in intelligence over a th
22、irty-year period. 24 One of the differences between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research is that_ （ A） The latter usually focuses on only one subject, while the former involves groups of subjects （ B） The former can be free from the influence of social changes （ C） The latter can be fr
23、ee from the influence of social changes （ D） The former costs less money and takes less time 24 How to Do Fewer, Better Animal Experiments For a nation of pet lovers, Britain conducts a surprising number of experiments on animals some 3 million a year. America appears to use fewer animals just 1.1 m
24、illion a year, according to official statistics, but that is an illusion. Unlike Britains government, American does not think rats and mice worth counting. Japan and China have even less comprehensive data than America, and animals used in research in those two countries are not protected to the sam
25、e extent that they are in the West. Even so, academic centers supporting alternatives to animal testing have emerged in both places in recent years. In July China issued its first set of guidelines governing the use of animals in research. In an ideal world, there would be no animal testing. It is e
26、xpensive and can be of dubious scientific value, since different species often react differently to the same procedure. That is why many researchers are working on ways of reducing the number of animal experiments needed and of making those that still happen more effective. However, the transition i
27、s proved easier for some types of experiments than for others, as a group of researchers in the field discussed at the sixth World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences, held last week in Tokyo. The most important message from the congress was that things are going in the righ
28、t direction. The number of animals used in experiments has fallen by half in the past 30 years, at least in those countries that record such things. There has also been a shift in the sort of animals used. Most of those employed today are rodents rather than dogs, cats, rabbits and monkeys. (That pu
29、blic opinion generally welcomes, this is, however, a good example of “cutist“ prejudice for one specy over another: there is no reason to believe that rodents suffer less than other mammals.) Also, of the experiments that are still conducted, the majority are now concerned with developing and testin
30、g medicine rather than, say, checking how toxic cosmetics are. Of the animals involved each year in experiments that have to be reported to the European Commission, about 45% are used for medical and veterinary purposes and another 35% for basic biomedical research. 25 Which of the following is “an
31、illusion“? （ A） Britain protects animals used in research better than Japan and China. （ B） China has issued guidelines governing the use of animals in research. （ C） Japan has less comprehensive data on animal testing than America. （ D） America conducts fewer experiments on animals than Britain. 26
32、 Many researchers are currently trying to_. （ A） use animals involved in research more effectively （ B） slow down the transition for some experiments （ C） challenge the scientific value of animal testing （ D） raise the cost of using any animals in research 27 The cutist prejudice probably refers to
33、the fact that_. （ A） pet animals are thought to suffer more in experiments （ B） rodents are believed to react in the same way with humans （ C） testing medicine is supposed to do more harm than testing cosmetics （ D） what sort of animals to use is reckoned more crucial than whether to use them 27 The
34、 concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it rest
35、ricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want and live
36、a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the
37、facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do. A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss
38、all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo draw a comparison.
39、 They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those beh
40、aviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity. 28 The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because_. （ A） it is essential to personal freedom in American society （ B） it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge （ C） personal
41、health choices help cure most illnesses （ D） wrong decisions could lead to poor health 29 Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because_. （ A） current medical knowledge is still insufficient （ B） there are many factors influencing our decisions （ C） people are usually influenced by
42、 the behavior of their friends （ D） few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life 30 According to Fries and Crapo, sound health choice should be based on_. （ A） personal decisions （ B） societys laws （ C） friends opinions （ D） statistical evidence 30 Dealing with Depres
43、sion (51)Contrary to what many people think depression is not a normal part of growing older. Nor is it harder to treat in older people. But it is often harder to recognize and get patients to accept and continue with treatment. “Most people think sadness is a hallmark of depression,“ Bruce said. “B
44、ut more often in older people its anhedonia theyre not enjoying life. Theyre irritable and cranky.“ (52) She added: “Many older people despair over the quality of their lives at the end of life. If they have a functional disability or serious medical illness, it may make it harder to notice depressi
45、on in older people.“ Family members, friends and medical personnel must take it seriously when an older person says “Life is not worth living,“ “I dont see any point in living,“ “Id be better off dead“ or “My family would be better off if I died,“ the experts emphasized. “Listen carefully, empathize
46、 and help the person get evaluated for treatment or into treatment,“ Brown urged. (53)He warned that “depressed older adults tend to have fewer symptoms“ than younger adults who are depressed. The ideal approach, of course, is to prevent depression in the first place. (54)Brown recommended that olde
47、r adults structure their days by maintaining a regular cycle and planning activities that “give them pleasure, purpose and a reason for living.“ He suggested “social activities of any type-joining a book club or bowling league, going to a senior center or gym, taking courses at a local college, hang
48、ing out at the coffee shop.“ Bruce suggests taking up a new interest like painting or needlework or volunteering at a place of worship, school or museum. (55) Brown notes that any activity the person is capable of doing can help to ward off depression and suicidal thinking. And he urges older people
49、 to talk to others about their problems. 三、 Cloze 35 For【 C1】 _ the bloodshed and tragedy of D-Day, the beaches of Normandy will always evoke a certain【 C2】 _: a yearning for a time when nations in the civilized world buried their differences and combined to oppose absolute evil, when values seemed clearer and the terrible consequences of war stopped【 C3】 _ of the annihilation of humanity. But over half a century after the Allies hit those wave-battered sand
