1、北京理工大学考博英语模拟试卷 9及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 New and bizarre crimes have come into being with the advent of computer technology. Organized crime has been directly involved; the new technology offers it unlimited opportunities, such as data crimes, theft of services, property-related crimes, ind
2、ustrial sabotage (破坏 ), politically related sabotage, vandalism, crimes against the individual and financially related crimes. Theft of data, or data crime, has attracted the interest of organized criminal syndicates. This is usually the theft or copying of valuable computer program. An internationa
3、l market already exists for computerized data, and specialized fences are said to be playing a key role in this rapidly expanding criminal market. Buyers for stolen programs may from a firms competitors to foreign nations. A competitor sabotages a companys computer system to destroy or cripple the f
4、irms operational ability, thus neutralizing its competitive capability either in the private or the government sector. This computer sabotage may also be tied to an attempt by affluent investors to acquire the victim firm. With the growing reliance by firms on computers for their record keeping and
5、daily operations, sabotage of their computers can result in internal havoc, after which the group interested in acquiring the firm can easily buy it at a substantially lower. Criminal groups could also resort to sabotage if the company is a competitor of a business owned or controlled by organized c
6、rime. Politically motivated sabotage is on the increase; political extremist groups have sprouted on every continent. Sophisticated computer technology arms these groups with awesome powers and opens technologically advanced nations to their attack. Several attempts have already been made to destroy
7、 computer facility at an air force base. A university computer facility involved in national defense work suffered more than $2 million in damages as a result of bombing. Computer vulnerability has been documented in great details. One congressional study concluded that neither government nor privat
8、e computer systems are adequately protected against sabotage. Organized criminal syndicates have shown their willingness to work with politically motivated groups. Investigators have uncovered evidence of cooperation between criminal groups and foreign governments in narcotics. Criminal groups have
9、taken attempts in assassinating political leaders. Computers are used in hospital life-support system, in laboratories, and in major surgery. Criminals could easily turn these computers into tools of devastation. By sabotaging the computer of a life-support system, criminals could kill an individual
10、 as easily as they had used a gun. By manipulating a computer, they could guide awesome tools of terror against large urban centers. Cities and nations could become hostages. Homicide could take a new form. The computer may become the hit man of the twentieth century. The computer opens vast areas o
11、f crime to organized criminal groups, both nation and international. It calls on them to pool their resources and increase their cooperative efforts, because many of these crimes are too complex for one group to handle, especially those requiting a vast network of fences. Although criminals have ada
12、pted to computer technology, law enforcement has not. Many still think in terms of traditional criminology. 1 How many kinds of crimes are mentioned in the passage? （ A） 7 （ B） 8 （ C） 9 （ D） 10 2 What is the purpose of a competitor to sabotage a companys computer? （ A） His purpose is to destroy or w
13、eaken the firms operational ability. （ B） His purpose is to weaken firms competitive capability and get it. （ C） His purpose is to buy the rivals company at a relatively low price. （ D） His purpose is to steal important data. 3 Which of the following can be labeled as a politically motivated sabotag
14、e of a computer system? （ A） Sabotage of a university computer （ B） Sabotage of hospital computer （ C） Sabotage of computer at a secret training base （ D） Sabotage of a factory computer 4 What does the author mean by “Homicide could take a new form“? （ A） There is no need to use a gun in killing a p
15、erson. （ B） Criminals can kill whoever they want by a computer. （ C） The computer can replace any weapons. （ D） The function of a computer is just like a gun. 5 What does the word “homicide“ possibly mean in Paragraph 5? （ A） Kill people at home （ B） Murdering （ C） Terrorist （ D） Crime 5 Writing to
16、learn makes it possible to show learning in writing. Much of the writing you will do in college and at work will ask you to demonstrate what you have learned. The success of that demonstration will depend on,among other things,revising your writing to show your knowledge to best advantage. When you
17、have begun to see what you want to say (frequently this becomes clear at the very end of a first draft), it is time to start thinking about how to present your ideas to others. It is time to start thinking about revising. Revising can be described as the most important (and frequently most neglected
18、) part of writing. Novelists Doris Lessing has said that many novels miss greatness because authors are unwilling or unable to revise them. James Michaner explains the importance of revision in this way: “I have never thought of myself as a good writer. Anyone who wants reassurance of that should re
19、ad one of my first drafts. But I m one of the worlds great revisers.“ Revising takes many forms. It means thinking about the audience for your writing. Who will read your work and why? It also means developing an overall plan for the writing that will make your ideas clear. Often the organization of
20、 a first draft will reflect your process of discovery,but that may not be the best way to present your ideas to someone else. Revising also gives attention to the style of language,to the structure of a paragraph,and to the shape of sentences and other forms that show learning to its best advantage
21、in order to understand your point and change a word or a phrase to make your meaning clearer. Writing to learn and writing to show learning are never.of course,entirely separate processes. Writers frequently consider issues of demonstrating learning while writing to learn,and writing to show learnin
22、g often leads to new understanding. In drafting,for example,you may start thinking about what an audience will need to know in order to understand your point and change a word or a phrase to make your meaning clearer. But understanding the differences between writing to learn and writing to show lea
23、rning is central to seeing writing as a process. 6 The author thinks that revising starts when_. （ A） you want to show what you know. （ B） you think about your audience. （ C） you have discovered your idea. （ D） you have developed an overall writing plan. 7 The chief purpose in revising your writing
24、is for you to_. （ A） learn in the course of writing （ B） show your learning to its best advantage （ C） add new ideas to your writing （ D） use an appropriate style of language 8 According to the passage， it is a fact that_. （ A） in revising,one should only correct some spelling mistakes. （ B） a good
25、writer does not need to revise his writing much. （ C） the organization of a first draft is sure to be the best way to convey authors ideas. （ D） according to James Michaner he is a good reviser before he is a great writer. 9 What Doris Lessing said helps to support the idea that_. （ A） he is one of
26、the world s great revisers. （ B） he is not a good writer. （ C） revising is very important. （ D） many writers are unwilling to revise their works. 10 Which of the following statements can be the best title of the passage? （ A） The importance of revising （ B） The importance of writing （ C） How to comp
27、ose good writing （ D） How to revise your writing 10 Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishmen
28、t equal to the crime. Recorded in the Bible is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.“ That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offense against society. To make repayment for this offense, society must get equally balanced, which can be done only by imposing a
29、n equal injury upon him. This conception of deserved-punishment justice is reflected in many parts of the legal codes and procedures of modern times, which is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German
30、 idealist Hegel, who believed that society owed it to the criminal to put into operation a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will eliminate this denial and restore the self that has been d
31、enied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his life will pay his debt. The demand for the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him what he deserves. Modern jurists have tried to replace deserved-punishment justice with the notion of corrective justice.
32、The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to
33、 take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. Therefore, his conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which is a part. 11 According to the Bible, the concept of equality in justice mea
34、ns_. （ A） a criminal must be severely punished （ B） a criminal must be given a punishment that is exactly the same as the crime he has done （ C） a criminal must be given a punishment that he deserves （ D） a criminal must pay for his crime with his eyes and teeth 12 The result of deserved-punishment
35、justice is_. （ A） the criminal s winning of a true life （ B） the criminals taking death penalty for the crime committed by him （ C） the criminals denial of his true seif （ D） the restoration of the criminals guilty self to the self before the crime 13 In the sentence: “society owed it to the crimina
36、l to put into operation a punishment equal to the crime he had committed“ the underlined part can be interpreted as: society_. （ A） was in debt to the criminal and must put him into operation as a punishment （ B） should consider punishment as something it must do so that the criminal can get paid ba
37、ck for his crime （ C） owed the criminal equality and must first show it in action （ D） owed an operation of equal crime to the criminal 14 The main difference between deserved-punishment and corrective justice is_. （ A） the latter is for non-punishment equality （ B） the latter has “an eye for an eye
38、“ equality of punishment （ C） the latter places the criminals equal rights in life above everything else （ D） the latter focuses on both reforming the criminal and giving him new opportunities in society 15 Compared with the old justice concept, modern law as shown in this passage is_. （ A） less ven
39、geful （ B） less effective （ C） less just （ D） less reasonable 15 It is not forbidden to dream of building a better world, which is by and large what the social sciences try to help us to do. How to make cities more harmonious, reduce crime rates, improve welfare, overcome racism, increase our wealth
40、-this is the stuff of social sciences. The trouble is that the findings of social sciences are often dismissed as being too theoretical, too ambitious or too unpalatable. The methods of research are also often attacked for their lack of rigor, and critics are quick to point out that the people who m
41、ake the important decisions pay little attention to what social scientists have to say anyway. This would change if the social sciences made themselves more relevant and ready for the society of the 21st century. Social sciences began to take shape in the 19th century, but came into their own at the
42、 beginning of the 20th century, when a number of well-established disciplines, including economics, sociology, political science, history and anthropology (人类学 ) really made their mark. Geography and psychology could be added to that list. However, only sociology, political science and economics hav
43、e succeeded in consolidating their position in the social sciences mainstream. The others were virtually all marginalized. Moreover, powerful institutional barriers now separate the various disciplines. Hardly the right atmosphere in which to grow and deaj with the harsh criticism which the social s
44、ciences have come in for from many quarters, including governments and international commissions. Radical measures are now being suggested to turn things round, from how to award university chairs, to setting syllabi and raising funds. The need for decompartmentalising (统合 ) and striking a new order
45、 in the relationship between the disciplines concerns all of the social sciences, though perhaps economics most of all. Only it has acquired a dominant position in management and public affairs. Some would say it has fallen under the sway of “unitary thinking“, with little room for debate, for examp
46、le, on the question of debt reduction or monetary tightness. Moreover, many people do not believe that economic science forms part of social sciences at all. This is a somewhat problematic position to cultural factors. Yet, economists often have dif-ficulty understanding or taking such factors into
47、account. This has left economics exposed to attack, for example, over its prescriptions for development and its analysis of events, such as the causes of the Asian crisis. To many, economics relies too heavily on hypothetical and sometimes unrealistic assumptions. Can social sciences bounce back and
48、 assert themselves in the 21st century? We will probably not be able to tell for a few decades, since the ways in which societies analyze themselves develop very slowly. After all, the social sciences are rarely given to sudden discovers and headline breakthroughs like some other sciences. What is m
49、ore, social sciences may continue to face stout resistance of established institutions defending their own territory and opposing innovation and change. Could it be that society, which by definition seeks stability, has an inbuilt resistance towards indulging in any form of self-analysis? Few people have an appetite for hard truth. But perhaps in the information age and in the demateri-alized economy of the knowledge world, all that could change. Perhaps society will discover a pressing need to know itself much better, if only to survi
