1、大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 89及答案与解析 Section C 0 Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of Sydney. “We ve had a tradition of doctors being fairly powe
2、rful and I guess they are pretty loath to allow pretenders to their position to come into it.“ In many other industrialised countries, orthodox and alternative medicine have worked “hand in glove“ for years. In Europe, only orthodox doctors can prescribe herbal medicine. In Germany, plant remedies a
3、ccount for 10% of the national turnover of pharmaceuticals. Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically tested. Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popu
4、larity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 years. In a 1983 national health survey, 1.9% of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the survey. By 1990, this figure had risen to 2.6
5、% of the population. The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of the total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel covered by the survey, according to Dr Laver and colleagues writing in the Australian Journal of
6、Public Health in 1993. “A better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general and increasingly sceptical about science and empirically based knowledge,“ they said. “The high standing of professionals including doctors, has been eroded as a consequence.“ Rat
7、her than resisting or criticizing this trend, increasing numbers of Australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternative therapists or taking course themselves, particularly in acupuncture and herbalism. Part of the incentive was financial, Dr Laver said. “The
8、bottom line is that most general practitioners are business people. If they see potential clientele going elsewhere, they might want to be able to offer a similar service.“ In 1993, Dr Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended eight alternative therapists practice
9、s in Sydney. These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 therapists. Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little relief. They commented that they like the holistic approach of their alternative therapists and
10、 the friendly , concerned and detailed attention they had received. The cold, impersonal manner of orthodox doctors featured in the survey. An increasing exodus form their clinics, coupled with this and a number of other relevant surveys carried out in Australia, all pointing to orthodox doctors ina
11、dequacies, have led mainstream doctors themselves to begin to admit they could learn from the personal style of alternative therapists. Dr Patrick Store, President of the Royal College of General Practitioners, concurs that orthodox doctors could learn a lot about bedside manner and advising patient
12、s on preventative health from alternative therapists. 1 Traditionally, how have Australian doctors differed from doctors in many Western countries? （ A） They have worked closely with pharmaceutical companies. （ B） They have often worked alongside other therapists. （ C） They have been reluctant to ac
13、cept alternative therapists. （ D） They have regularly prescribed alternative remedies. 2 In 1990, Americans_. （ A） were prescribed more herbal medicines than in previous years （ B） consulted alternative therapists more often than doctors （ C） spent more on natural therapists than orthodox medicines
14、（ D） made more complaints about doctors than in previous years 3 Which statement is true according to the second paragraph? （ A） Australians have been turning to alternative therapies in increasing numbers over the past century. （ B） Between 1983 and 1990 the number of patients visiting alternative
15、therapists rose to a further 0.7% of the population. （ C） The 1990 survey related to 55,000 consultations with alternative therapists （ D） In the past, Australians had a higher opinion of alternative therapists than they do today. 4 The word “incentive“(Line 4, Para. 3)may be replaced by_. （ A） conc
16、ern （ B） advantage （ C） benefit （ D） motivation 5 Which of the following is not a reason for people to turn to alternative therapies? （ A） They paid much higher medical expenses for seeing doctors. （ B） Alternative therapists advised patients on preventative health. （ C） Alternative therapists adopt
17、ed the holistic approach. （ D） They received friendly, concerned and detailed attention from alternative therapists. 5 “The worlds environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss.“ If that were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints: from local smog(
18、烟雾 )to global climate change, from the felling(砍伐 )of forests to the extinction of species. The list would largely be accurate, the concern legitimate. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, n
19、ot how bad. After all, the worlds population has more than tripled during this century, and world output has risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if people lived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900(or 1950, or indeed 1980), t
20、he world by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty, toxic and dangerous. But they don t. The reasons why they don t, and why the environment has not been ruined, have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation in response to popular pressure.
21、That is why todays environmental problems in the poor countries ought, in principle, to be solvable. Raw materials have not run out, and show no sign of doing so. Logically, one day they must: the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big, and man is very ingenious. What has happened is that
22、 every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real terms during th
23、e century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate, in response to harvests, natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some time before new sources of supply become available. But they always do, assisted by new farming and crop technology. The long- term trend ha
24、s been downwards. It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign(良性的 )trend begins to stumble, and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resource concerned, no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it:
25、fish is the best example of this. 6 According to the author, most students_. （ A） believe the world s environment is in an undesirable condition （ B） agree that the environment of the world is not as bad as it is thought to be （ C） get high marks for their good knowledge of the world s environment （
26、 D） appear somewhat unconcerned about the state of the world s environment 7 The huge increase in world production and population_. （ A） has made the world a worse place to live in （ B） has had a positive influence on the environment （ C） has not significantly affected the environment （ D） has made
27、the world a dangerous place to live in 8 One of the reasons why the long-term trend of prices has been downwards is that （ A） technological innovation can promote social stability （ B） political instability will cause consumption to drop （ C） new farming and crop technology can lead to overproductio
28、n （ D） new sources are always becoming available 9 Fish resources are diminishing because_. （ A） no new substitutes can be found in large quantities （ B） they are not owned by any particular entity （ C） improper methods of fishing have ruined the fishing grounds （ D） water pollution is extremely ser
29、ious 10 The primary solution to environmental problems is_. （ A） to allow market forces to operate properly （ B） to curb consumption of natural resources （ C） to limit the growth of the world population （ D） to avoid fluctuations in prices 10 Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the ye
30、ar only, and so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behaviour. Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within a year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length increases steadily by a
31、 predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some species of birds breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artifi
32、cially(Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plan
33、ts which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants. Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season begins, food res
34、erves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increased day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food
35、resources will be assured. The adaptive significance of photoperiodism in plane is also clear. Short-day plane that flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximising seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by ins
36、ects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plane that flower in the autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter as seeds. Day-neutral plane have an evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favourable period for reprodu
37、ction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length. The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths. Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative sta
38、te for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die(Evans 1976). Every bamboo of the species Chusquea abietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about
39、31 years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not-yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear. The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds(in some cases lying 12 to 15 centimetres deep on the ground)is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so t
40、hat some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation(Evans 1976). 11 Day length is a useful cue for breeding in areas where_. （ A） temperatures are high （ B） temperatures are low （ C） temperatures are unpredictable （ D） rainfalls are unpredictable 12 Day-neutral plants refer to
41、plants which_. （ A） grow fast in the middle of the day （ B） are not affected by day length （ C） have a short growth period （ D） grow at a constant speed both in the daytime and at night 13 Why do temperate-zone birds choose spring as a signal to start the nesting cycle? （ A） Because there are suffic
42、ient food at this time. （ B） Because the temperature is moderate at this time. （ C） Because the materials to build nests are available at this time. （ D） Because there are not a lot of their predators at this time. 14 What do desert annuals respond to as a signal for reproduction? （ A） Day length. （
43、 B） Sunshine. （ C） Temperature. （ D） Rainfall. 15 Which of the followings is an example of the plants whose breeding season can be delayed for a very long time? （ A） Shade-tolerant plants. （ B） Bamboos. （ C） Day-neutral plants. （ D） Desert annuals. 15 When global warming finally came it stuck with a
44、 vengeance(异乎寻常地 ). In some regions temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America Europe and Asia.
45、After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more tha
46、n 10000 years ago. As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past and how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun
47、 to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have been combined to change the planets environment from hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years. Most important scientists are beginnin
48、g to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution from the dawn of primates(灵长目动物 )some 65 million years ago to human
49、ancestors rising up to walk on two legs from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, though some scientists argue that there are some instances having been driven by it. The new research has profound implications for he environmental summit in Rio. Among other things the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate changes is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign(宜人的 )global environment that has existed over the past 10000 years
