1、大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 188及答案与解析 Section A 0 How did the early people do their counting? At first, they did all their counting with small stones. Later, they learned to use their ringers in counting. Since man has ten fingers, the number ten became the【 C1】 _of all counting in many parts of the world. I
2、n 1946 the first electronic computers went into【 C2】 _. Since its invention the computer has changed greatly, and it has more and more uses. It can【 C3】_people from difficult measurement and computation. There are【 C4】 _computations in science and engineering. Scientists are unable to make them, but
3、 the computer can do them quickly and【 C5】 _. For instance, a spaceship cannot leave the earth and go to the moon without computers. What must the spaceship be like? When can it leave? Will it be on the right【 C6】 _? The computer must answer all these questions. In recent years more and more people
4、have used computers not only in production and technology, but also in everyday life, for the simple reason that they are far more【 C7】_than man. They have much better memories and can【 C8】 _large amounts of information. No man【 C9】 _can do 500,000 sums in one second, but a computer can. In fact, co
5、mputers can do many of the things we do, but faster and better. They can【 C10】 _machines in factories, work out tomorrows weather, and even do translation work. In the future we are going to use computers for almost everything almost every day. A. control B. alive C. operation D. reproduce E. correc
6、tly F. efficient G. free H. omit I. complex J. foundation K. discipline L store M. living N. naturally O. course 1 【 C1】 2 【 C2】 3 【 C3】 4 【 C4】 5 【 C5】 6 【 C6】 7 【 C7】 8 【 C8】 9 【 C9】 10 【 C10】 Section B 10 Seven Ways to Create a Happy Household A)Every family is different, with different personali
7、ties, customs, and ways of thinking, talking, and connecting to one another. There is no one “right“ kind of family. But whether parents are strict or tolerant, irritable or calm, home has to be a place of love, encouragement, and acceptance of their feelings and individuality for kids to feel emoti
8、onally safe and secure. It also has to be a source of donts and limits. Most of us want such an atmosphere to prevail in our homes, but with todays stresses this often seems harder and harder to achieve. From time to time it helps to take stock and think about the changes we could make to improve ou
9、r homes emotional climate. Here are a few that will. 1. Watch What You Say B)How we talk to our children every day is part of the emotional atmosphere we weave. Besides giving them opportunities to be open about how they feel, we have to watch what we say and how we say it. We often forget how much
10、kids take parental criticisms to heart and how much these affect their feelings about themselves. Psychologist Martin Seligman found that when parents consistently blame kids in exaggerated ways, children feel overly guilty and ashamed and withdraw emotionally. Look at the difference between “Roger,
11、 this room is always a pigsty! You are such a lazy boy! “ and “Roger, your room is a mess today! Before you go out to play, it has to be picked up.“ One way tells Roger he can never do anything right The other tells him exactly what to do to fix things so he can be back in his moms good graces and d
12、oesnt suggest he has a permanent character flaw. For criticism to be constructive for children, we have to cite causes that are specific and temporary. Another constructive way to criticize children is to remind them of the impact their actions have on us. This promotes understanding rather than res
13、entment. 2. Provide Order and Stability C)A predictable daily framework, clear and consistent rules, and an organized house make kids and parents more relaxed and comfortable, and that means everyone has emotional balance. When conflicts, tensions, or crises occur, the routine is a reassuring and fa
14、miliar support, a reliable harbor of our lives that wont change. Think about your mornings. Do your kids go off to school feeling calm and confident? Or are they upset and ill-tempered? What about evenings and bedtime? Do you have angry fights over homework or how much TV children can watch? A calm
15、bedtime routine is one good medicine for the dark fears that surface when kids are alone in bed with the lights turned out. Yet a routine thats too inflexible doesnt make room for kids individual personalities, preferences, and characters. 3. Hold Family Meetings D)Time together is such a precious t
16、ime in most households that many families, like the Martins, hold regular family meetings so everyone can air and resolve the weeks worries as well as share the good things that happened. When the Martins gather on Friday night, they also take the opportunity to anticipate whats scheduled for the we
17、ek ahead. That way they eliminate(mostly!)those last-minute anxieties over whether someone has soccer shoes for the first practice, the books for a report, or a ride to a music lesson. 4. Encourage Loving Feelings E)Everyday life is full of opportunities to establish loving connections with our kids
18、. Researchers have found that parents who spend time playing, joking with, and sharing their own thoughts and feelings with their kids have children who are more friendly, generous, and loving. After all, giving love fosters love, and what convinces our kids that we love them more than our willingne
19、ss to spend time with them. Many parents say that often they feel most in tune emotionally with their kids when they just hang out together sprawling on the bed to watch TV, walking down the block together to mail a letter, talking on long car rides when kids know they have a parents complete attent
20、ion. At these times the hurt feelings and the secret fears are finally mentioned. Part of encouraging loving feelings is insisting that kids treat others, including siblings, with kindness, respect, and fairness at least some of the time. In one family, kids write on a chart in the kitchen at the en
21、d of each day the name of someone who did something nice for them. 5. Create Rituals F)Setting aside special times of the day or week to come together as a family gives children a sense of continuity that certain feelings stay the same even as the kids change and grow. For many families, like my fri
22、end Frances, that means regularly observing religious rituals. To her family, Sunday morning means going to Mass and having hot chocolate afterwards at the town cafe. Others create their own rituals to anchor the week. Michaels family celebrates with a regular Scrabble and pizza party every Friday n
23、ight; Dawns goes to the movies. Holiday rituals give children points in the year to look forward to. 6. Handle Challenges with Compassion G)Home life today is not always stable and secure. Even the best marriages have fights, economic difficulties, and emotional ups-and-downs. Parents divorce, stepf
24、amilies form, and these changes challenge the most loving parents. But troubles are part of the human condition. Loving families dont ignore them they try to create a strong emotional climate despite them. In handling parental conflicts, for example, we can let kids know when everything has been res
25、olved, as Denise and Peter did after a loud dispute in the kitchen during which voices were raised and tears flowed. After making up, they explained to their kids, “Sometimes we disagree and lose our tempers, too. But now weve worked it out. Were sorry that you heard our fight.“ 7. Schedule Parent-O
26、nly Time H)Parents are the ones who create a homes atmosphere. When were upset about how much money we owe, worried about downsizing at the company where we work, or angry at a spouse, that charges the emotional atmosphere in ways kids find threatening. As one friend said plaintively, “Parents need
27、special time, too.“ Taking a long walk together to talk without our kids may go a long way to relieve worries and regular “parent-only“ dates help us reexperience the love that brought us together in the first place. 11 Kids wont feel scared in bed when lights are turned out, if they keep a calm min
28、d before going to bed. 12 When parents are upset, the homes atmosphere becomes threatening to the kids. 13 The best way to convince the kids of parents love is to spend more time with them. 14 It is harder and harder for us to achieve happy atmospheres in our homes because there is various pressure
29、and strains in modern life. 15 Every Sunday morning, the Frances family goes to the church. 16 A well-organized home with predictable daily framework, clear and consistent rules guarantees that the family members can have emotional balance. 17 Loving families try to create a strong emotional climate
30、 in spite of troubles. 18 Kids become guilty and ashamed if they are constantly criticized by exaggerated means. 19 It is often in the some casual time like a long car ride that the kids tell their hurt feeling and secret fears to parents. 20 In order to criticize kids constructively, we need to poi
31、nt out that their mistakes are occasional. Section C 20 It is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement because once you are inside, the organizational constraints(约束 )influence wage increases. One thing, however, is certain: your chances of getting the raise you feel you deserve are less if yo
32、u dont at least ask for it. Men tend to ask for more, and they get more, and this holds true with other resources, not just pay increases. Consider Beths story: I did not get what I wanted when I did not ask for it. We had cubicle(小隔间 )offices and window offices. I sat in the cubicles with several m
33、ale colleagues. One by one they were moved into window offices, while I remained in the cubicles. Several males who were hired after me also went to offices. One in particular told me he was next in line for an office and that it had been part of his negotiations for the job. I guess they thought me
34、 content to stay in the cubicles since I did not voice my opinion either way. It would be nice if we all received automatic pay increases equal to our merit, but “nice“ isnt a quality attributed to most organizations. If you feel you deserve a significant raise in pay, youll probably have to ask for
35、 it. Performance is your best bargaining chip when you are seeking a raise. You must be able to demonstrate that you deserve a raise. Timing is also a good bargaining chip. If you can give your boss something he or she needs(a new client or a sizable contract, for example)just before merit pay decis
36、ions are being made, you are more likely to get the raise you want. Use information as a bargaining chip too. Find out what you are worth on the open market. What will someone else pay for your services? Go into the negotiations prepared to place your chips on the table at the appropriate time and p
37、repared to use communication style to guide the direction of the interaction. 21 According to the passage, before taking a job, a person should _. （ A） demonstrate his capability （ B） give his boss a good impression （ C） ask for as much money as he can （ D） ask for the salary he hopes to get 22 What
38、 can be inferred from Beths story? （ A） Prejudice against women still exists in some organizations. （ B） If people want what they deserve, they have to ask for it. （ C） People should not be content with what they have got. （ D） People should be careful when negotiating for a job. 23 We can learn fro
39、m the passage that _. （ A） unfairness exists in salary increases （ B） most people are overworked and underpaid （ C） one should avoid overstating ones performance （ D） most organizations give their staff automatic pay raises 24 To get a pay raise, a person should _. （ A） advertise himself on the job
40、market （ B） persuade his boss to sign a long-term contract （ C） try to get inside information about the organization （ D） do something to impress his boss just before merit pay decisions 25 To be successful in negotiations, one must_. （ A） meet his boss at the appropriate time （ B） arrive at the neg
41、otiation table punctually （ C） be good at influencing the outcome of the interaction （ D） be familiar with what the boss likes and dislikes 25 Cars and other road vehicles are the single main source of harmful nitrogen oxides. Road transport remains the biggest source of harmful air pollution in the
42、 EU despite efforts to reduce emissions over the past decades. A report published by the European Environment Agency(EEA.)shows that it is the single main source of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and non-methane volatile organic compounds. It is also the second most important source of PM10 and PM
43、2.5 particles. As well as road transport, manufacturing industries, construction, the residential sector and agriculture are the main sources of air pollution in Europe today, the agency said. The EEA said: “Particulate matter from sources such as vehicle exhausts and residential heating can affect
44、the lungs and harm people of all ages, but it is known to pose an extra risk to those with existing heart and respiratory problems.“ “Air pollutants are also responsible for the acidification of forests and water ecosystems, and eutrophication of soils and waters-leading to a limited supply of oxyge
45、n in rivers and lakes.“ A spokesperson for campaign group T&E(the European Federation for Transport and Environment)told EDIE: “One of the key reasons that transport is still such a major cause of air pollution in Europe is because transport users rarely have to pay for the pollution they cause.“ “C
46、urrently Member States are forbidden from including pollution charges in road tolls.“ “The Commission just last month proposed to change the rules, a move that we urge the Parliament and Ministers to support.“ “There are also some positive signs of change as London and a number of German cities have
47、 introduced low emission zones over the last year. But there is still a long way to go.“ According to the report, nitrogen oxide emissions decreased by 35% between 1990 and 2006, although the rate of decrease was just 1.8% in the final year of that period. Electricity and heat production remains the
48、 main source of sulphur oxides emissions, followed by manufacturing industries and construction sources. In contrast, agricultural activities were responsible for the vast majority of ammonia emissions livestock manure and fertilisers accounted for more than 90% of the emissions. 26 In order to cont
49、rol air pollution in the past years, the EU has tried to _. （ A） impose strict laws on pollution control （ B） cut down on the number of vehicles （ C） restrict the sources of nitrogen oxides （ D） trim the discharge of car exhausts 27 According to the EEA, what is the second most important source of PM10 and PM2.5 particles? （ A） Air pollution. （ B） Nitrogen oxide. （ C） Road transport. （ D） Organic compounds. 28 What can we infer about “eutrophication“? （ A） It is resulted from ai
