1、托福（作文）模拟试卷 47及答案与解析 Writing Based on Knowledge and Experience 1 In this independent essay question, you will be asked to write an essay about a familiar topic. This may be a place, a person, a possession, a situation, or an occasion. After you read the question, you will state your opinion and then
2、explain why you have that opinion. You will have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, a good response will require that you write a minimum of 300 words. Task - State your opinion - Explain the reasons for your opinion Question Some students apply for admission only to their
3、first-choice school, while others apply to several schools. Which plan do you agree with, and why? Be sure to include details and examples to support your opinion. Writing Based on Reading and Listening 2 In this integrated essay question, you will be asked to read a short passage from a textbook an
4、d then listen to part of a short lecture about the same topic. The ideas in the textbook and the lecture will not agree. After you read the question, you write an essay that includes information from both the reading and the lecture. You will have 20 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Ty
5、pically, a good response will require that you write 150-225 words. Task - Read a short passage and take notes - Listen to a short lecture and take notes - Answer a question using information from both the reading and the lecture Reading Passage Time: 3 minutes In his classic book The Interpretation
6、 of Dreams, published in 1900, Sigmund Freud identified wish fulfillment as the origin of many dreams. For example, a student who is concerned about taking an important exam may dream about the exam, or, more likely, some type of symbol for the exam will appear in a dream. Since thoughts must be tra
7、nslated into concrete images, dreams are expressed in pictures rather than in words. Freud advanced the notion of dream symbols, that is, images with deep symbolic meaning. In the case of the exam, it might be expressed as an obstacle or a hurdle in a race. In Freuds view, dreams have much in common
8、 with daydreams. There is a wish that is forbidden or repressed in some way, and forces that oppose it. In the case of dreams while sleeping, they offer a compromise, that is, a way for the wish to be expressed safely. According to Freud, dreams can be viewed as a way to reveal the unconscious. To t
9、hat end, there are two levels to every dream, including the manifest content, which is obvious and direct, and the latent content, which is symbolic. To return to the example of the students dream, the manifest content would be the hurdle in the race, but the latent content would be the exam that is
10、 in the dreamers subconscious. Because some wishes and desires are too disturbing or too socially inappropriate to surface from the unconscious to the conscious mind, the symbols that are employed may make the wish difficult to expose. The student may actually want to cheat in order to succeed on th
11、e exam, but in a dream, borrowing a friends book may be a more acceptable way to express that desire. In a sense, the dream serves to protect the mind from a conflict in the unconscious. Now listen to a lecture on the same topic as the passage you have just read. As you will recall from the reading
12、in your textbook, Freuds psychodynamic theory is premised on the assumption that dreams arise from a troubled subconscious mind, and so they have deep meaning. But there are other points of view that you should be familiar with. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley propose a very different theory of dre
13、ams. They turn to biochemical research and physiology for answers. Using data from their study of sleep activity in cats, and by the way, they used cats because cats have brain waves and muscle movements during sleep that are very similar to those of humans. In any case, Hobson and McCarley determin
14、ed that the kind of sleep associated with dreams is controlled from the brain stem and, furthermore, that there are chemicals in the stem that regulate the firing of certain neurons. So they posit that during dream sleep, brain cells that control movement and balance are activated, but the messages
15、do not transfer to the body and, consequently, no movement is initiated. Still, the brain is trying to interpret the messages, so dreams occur. But how does this explain what we dream about? I mean the content. Well, lets take the example of a common dream. Lets say, you are trying to escape from so
16、mething. The brain receives a message to run, but the legs dont respond. According to the activation-synthesis theory, the dream that results will probably include something about being chased and running away. In other words, you will play out the physical movement in a dream. But, according to the
17、 proponents of the activation-synthesis theory, there isnt any hidden meaning in your dream. Your unfulfilled desires have nothing to do with it. For the neurophysiologists, a dream is just a chemical response to brain cells. Essay Question Summarize the main points in the lecture, contrasting them
18、with the ideas in the reading passage. 3 In this integrated essay question, you will be asked to read a short passage from a textbook and then listen to part of a short lecture about the same topic. The ideas in the textbook and the lecture will agree. After you read the question, you write an essay
19、 that includes information from both the reading and the lecture. You will have 20 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, a good response will require that you write 150-225 words. Task - Read a short passage and take notes - Listen to a short lecture and take notes - Answer a que
20、stion using information from both the reading and the lecture Reading Passage Time: 3 minutes According to the nebular hypothesis, between 4 and 5 million years ago, a large cloud of dust and gas collected around the region in which the current sofar system is positioned. Although similar clouds of
21、dust and gas referred to as nebulae are relatively common and may be found throughout the galaxy, in this cloud as much as 99 percent of the material consisted of hydrogen and helium, and all other naturally occurring elements were also included in small proportions. Gravity initiated a collapse in
22、the cloud, which in turn caused it to spin rapidly. This spinning resulted in a disk shape with a rounded middle and fiat edges. Random regions exerted a stronger gravitational pull and solid elements began to connect and, ultimately, to break apart into small objects called planetesimals ranging in
23、 size from a few feet to a few miles. As these planetesimals collided and captured each other, distinct masses concentrated in areas approximately where the planets are now found. At the same time that the planets were forming, the Sun began to transform itself into a star. The star, which had retai
24、ned almost 99 percent of the nebulas original mass, radiated light and heat. The planets nearest the center, which we call the terrestrial planets, were formed from materials that did not disintegrate at higher temperatures, whereas the planets farther away, called the Jovian planets, contained virt
25、ually the same mix of helium, hydrogen, and trace elements as the original nebula and were able to condense at much lower temperatures. Asteroids and comets were also swirling around the system, including matter that was not collected by collision with a planet or the gravitational pull of a planet.
26、 The fact that the orbits of all the planets lie near the same plane is further evidence of the solar systems rapid rotation when the nebular cloud began to flatten out. Now listen to a lecture on the same topic as the passage you have just read. Newer high-speed computers have allowed us to perform
27、 experiments by modeling events that would be very difficult to duplicate under natural conditions. And we have been able to do some interesting research with models of the collapse of an interstellar cloud under the influence of its own gravitational pull. The modeling has led to a general consensu
28、s that stars form in that way a process of collapse, I mean. So, although the experiments are not definitive, they lead us to the logical conclusion that when a star is born, it will probably have a circum-stellar nebula with conditions that are very favorable to the formation of planets. In effect,
29、 we have been able to watch the conditions that existed at the beginning of the formation of the solar system, and observe how the planets were formed. And thats pretty amazing. Furthermore, the modeling suggests that the planetary formation seems to be a natural consequence of the process that init
30、iates the formation of a star. So, this suggests that planetary systems are the rule, rather than the exception. And that means that an organized search for other planetary systems should yield some rather interesting results. We may find that the nebular hypothesis is valid not only for our solar s
31、ystem but also for other systems in the universe. Besides that, when we do the math, we have to assume that at least some of the stars would produce solar systems with planets that could support life. Essay Question Summarize the nebular hypothesis that is described in the reading and then explain h
32、ow the lecture supports the hypothesis. 托福（作文）模拟试卷 47答案与解析 Writing Based on Knowledge and Experience 1 【正确答案】 Although I understand students who desire to concentrate all of their energy on applications to their first-choice schools, I support making application to several different schools. There a
33、re two reasons why I feel this is important. First, application does not guarantee admission, even for a very highly qualified applicant. The school that a student prefers may have very competitive standards for acceptance. In spite excellent academic credentials, high scores on admissions tests suc
34、h as the SAT and the TOEFL, and exceptional supporting documents, some qualified applicants may be turned away because not enough space to accommodate them. If students apply to their first-choice schools, and they are not accepted for reasons that could not be anticipated, they may find themselves
35、in the position of being without a school for at least a semester while they scramble to apply to the schools they had considered as second or third choices. It is expensive to apply to a large number of schools because of the application fees, but making applications to three schools can save time,
36、 which is also a valuable commodity. Another reason to apply to several schools is the opportunity to learn more about each the educational options during the application process. While materials are being submitted and communication is occurring between the student and the school officials, advanta
37、ges at the second- or third-choice school may be discovered as a result of the information exchanged. Scholarships, grants, and other opportunities may be extended when the committee is reviewing the application at one of the schools. For example, an unpublicized research assistantship may be availa
38、ble because of the prior work experience that an applicant has included on the application form. Conversely, the experience that the student has in applying to the first-choice school may be so negative that another school will be more attractive than the first-choice institution. When I am ready to
39、 study at a university, I plan to apply to three schools two with very competitive standards, and one with moderate standards. If I am admitted at my first-choice school, I will be happy, but I will leave my options open during the application process just in case I discover some advantages at one o
40、f the other schools. 【知识模块】 写作 Writing Based on Reading and Listening 2 【听力原文】 As you will recall from the reading in your textbook, Freuds psychodynamic theory is premised on the assumption that dreams arise from a troubled subconscious mind, and so they have deep meaning. But there are other point
41、s of view that you should be familiar with. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley propose a very different theory of dreams. They turn to biochemical research and physiology for answers. Using data from their study of sleep activity in cats, and by the way, they used cats because cats have brain waves an
42、d muscle movements during sleep that are very similar to those of humans. In any case, Hobson and McCarley determined that the kind of sleep associated with dreams is controlled from the brain stem and, furthermore, that there are chemicals in the stem that regulate the firing of certain neurons. So
43、 they posit that during dream sleep, brain cells that control movement and balance are activated, but the messages do not transfer to the body and, consequently, no movement is initiated. Still, the brain is trying to interpret the messages, so dreams occur. But how does this explain what we dream a
44、bout? I mean the content. Well, lets take the example of a common dream. Lets say, you are trying to escape from something. The brain receives a message to run, but the legs dont respond. According to the activation-synthesis theory, the dream that results will probably include something about being
45、 chased and running away. In other words, you will play out the physical movement in a dream. But, according to the proponents of the activation-synthesis theory, there isnt any hidden meaning in your dream. Your unfulfilled desires have nothing to do with it. For the neurophysiologists, a dream is
46、just a chemical response to brain cells. 2 【正确答案】 In research with cats, Hobsin and MacKarly concluded that dreams are the result of chemicals in the brain that cause neurons to fire. Although the brain is signaling the body to move, the message does not reach the muscles. Instead, it is interpreted
47、 in a dream. The example the lecturer cited was a dream in which a person wants to escape. The brain signals the legs to run, but instead, the dreamer sees images of himself being chased. According to the theory, dreams are simply a chemical response to neurological activity. This new model, called
48、activation synthesis theory, contrasts sharply with the earlier theory that Freud put forward in his classic book The Interpretation of Dreams, in which he explained dreaming as symbolic images that reveal repressed desires and unfulfilled wishes. Furthermore, Freud interpreted dreams on two levels.
49、 The first, manifest content, was the literal or direct interpretation, whereas the second, latent content, exposed the symbolic nature of the image. For example, a student who is worried about an exam may dream about an obstacle in a race, creating the manifest content of the obstacle on a race track because of the underlying latent content associated with the exam. For Hobsin and MacKarly, no unfulfilled wishes are relevant in the students dream. The chemistry of the brain and not the psyche causes the vision of the race track and all other images in dreams. 【知识模块
