1、考博英语模拟试卷 90及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 Our theory and practice in the area of sentencing have undergone a gradual but dramatic metamorphosis through the years. Primitive man believed that a crime created an imbalance, which could be rectified only by punishing the wrongdoer. Thus, sentencing w
2、as initially vengeance-oriented. Gradually, emphasis began to be placed on the deterrent value of a sentence upon future wrongdoing. Though deterrence is still an important consideration, increased emphasis on the possibility of reforming the offender-of returning him to the community a useful citiz
3、en bars the harsh penalties once imposed and brings into play a new set of sentencing criteria. Today, each offender is viewed as a unique individual, and the sentencing judge seeks to know why he has committed the crime and what are the chances of a repetition of the offense. The judges prime objec
4、tive is not to punish but to treat. This emphasis on treatment of the individual has created a host of new problems. In seeking to arrive at the best treatment for individual prisoners, judges must weigh an imposing array of factors. I believe that the primary aim of every sentence is the prevention
5、 of future crime. Little can be done to correct past damage, and a sentence will achieve its objective to the extent that it upholds general respect for the law, discourages those tempted to commit similar crimes, and leads to the rehabilitation of the offender, so that he will not run afoul of the
6、law again. Where the offender is so hardened that rehabilitation is plainly impossible, the sentence may be designed to segregate the offender from society so that he will be unable to do any future harm. The balancing of these interacting, and often mutually antagonistic, factors requires more than
7、 a good heart and a sense of fair play on the judges part, although these are certainly prerequisites. It requires the judge to know as much as he can about the prisoner before him. He should know the probable effects of sentences upon those who might commit similar crimes and how the prisoner is li
8、kely to react to imprisonment or probation. Because evaluation of these various factors may differ from judge to judge, the same offense will be treated differently by different judges. The task of improving our sentencing techniques is so important to the nations moral health that it deserves far m
9、ore careful attention than it now receives from the bar and many civic-minded individuals who usually lead even the judges in the fight for legal reform approach this subject with apathy or with erroneous preconceptions. For example, I have observed the sentiment shared by many that, after a judge h
10、as sentenced several hundred defendants, the whole process becomes one of callous routine. I have heard this feeling expressed even by attorneys who should know better. 1 In determining what sentence to impose, a judge today _. （ A） tries to punish the offender （ B） is callous （ C） is inconsistent （
11、 D） tries to prevent future crimes 2 Ancient sentences were motivated by _. （ A） a desire to reform （ B） imbalance （ C） a desire for revenge （ D） a desire to deter future wrongdoing 3 Which of the following statements cannot be inferred from the selection? （ A） A judge should treat each offender as
12、an individual. （ B） A judge should try to correct past damage. （ C） The problem of sentencing deserves study. （ D） A judge refrains from imposing harsh penalties. 4 Metamorphosis (in Paragraph 1) means _. （ A） stability （ B） interpretation （ C） lethargy （ D） change 4 Nearly two thousand years have p
13、assed since a census decreed by Caesar Augustus became part of the greatest story ever told. Many things have changed in the intervening years. The hotel industry worries more about overbuilding than overcrowding, and if they had to meet an unexpected influx, few inns would have a manger to accommod
14、ate the weary guests. Now it is the census taker that does the traveling in the fond hope that a highly mobile population will stay put long enough to get a good sampling. Methods of gathering, recording, and evaluating information have presumably been improved a great deal. And where then it was th
15、e modest purpose of Rome to obtain a simple head count as an adequate basis for levying taxes, now batteries of complicated statistical series furnished by governmental agencies and private organizations are eagerly scanned and interpreted by sages and seers to get a clue to future events. The Bible
16、 does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the reliability of present day economic forecasting, there are considerable differences of opinion. They were aired at the celebration of the 125th anniversary of the American Statistical Association.
17、There was the thought that business forecasting might well be on its way from an art to a science, and some speakers talked about newfangled computers and high-falutin mathematical systems in terms of excitement and endearment which we, at least in our younger years when these things mattered, would
18、 have associated more readily with the description of a fair maiden. But others pointed to the deplorable record of highly esteemed forecasts and forecasters with a batting average below that of the Mets, and the President-elect of the Association cautioned that “high powered statistical methods are
19、 usually in order where the facts are crude and inadequate, the exact contrary of what crude and inadequate statisticians assume“. We left his birthday party somewhere between hope and despair and with the conviction, not really newly acquired, that proper statistical methods applied to ascertainabl
20、e facts have their merits in economic forecasting as long as neither forecaster nor public is deluded into mistaking the delineation of probabilities and trends for a prediction of certainties of mathematical exactitude. 5 Taxation in Roman days apparently was based on _. （ A） mobility （ B） wealth （
21、 C） population （ D） census takers 6 The American Statistical Association _. （ A） has an excellent record in business forecasting （ B） is converting statistical study from an art to a science （ C） speaks with mathematical exactitude （ D） is neither hopeful nor pessimistic 7 The message the author wis
22、hes the reader to get is that _. （ A） statisticians have not advanced since the days of the Romans （ B） statisticians love their machines （ C） statistics is not as yet a science （ D） the American Statistical Association is 125 years old 8 The author would define “science“ as _. （ A） the study of pro
23、bability （ B） the development of mathematical certainties （ C） the use of computers （ D） requiring statistical methods 8 Why does the Foundation concentrate its support on basic rather than applied research? Basic research is the very heart of science, and its cumulative product is the capital of sc
24、ientific progress, a capital that must be constantly increased as the demands upon it rise. The goal of basic research is understanding, for its own sake. Understanding of the structure of the atom or the nerve ceil, the explosion of a spiral nebula or the distribution of cosmic dust, the causes of
25、earthquakes and droughts, or of man as a behaving creature and of the social forces that are created whenever two or more human beings come into contact with one another-the scope is staggering, but the commitment to truth is the same. If the commitment were to a particular result, conflicting evide
26、nce might be Overlooked or, with the best will in the world, simply not appreciated. Moreover, the practical applications of basic research frequently cannot be anticipated. When Roentgen, the physicist, discovered X-rays, he had no idea of their usefulness to medicine. Applied research, undertaken
27、to solve specific practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness because the results can be seen and enjoyed. For practical reasons, the sums spent on applied research in any country always far exceed those for basic research, and the proportions are more unequal in the less developed countries
28、. Leaving aside the funds devoted to research by industry-which is naturally far more concerned with applied aspects because these increase profits quickly-the funds the U.S. Government allots to basic research currently amount to about 7 percent of its overall research and development funds. Unless
29、 adequate safeguards are provided, applied research invariably tends to drive out basic. Then, as Dr. Waterman has pointed out, “Developments will inevitably be undertaken prematurely, career incentives will gravitate strongly toward applied science, and the opportunities for making major scientific
30、 discoveries will be lost. Unfortunately, pressures to emphasize new developments, without corresponding emphasis upon pure science tend to degrade the quality of the nation% technology in the long run, rather than to improve it.“ 9 The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is _.
31、 （ A） Roentgens Ignorance of X-rays （ B） The Attractiveness of Applied Research （ C） The Importance of Basic Research （ D） Basic Research vs. Applied Research 10 Industry is primarily interested in applied research because it _. （ A） provides better understanding （ B） is frowned upon by the Foundati
32、on （ C） offers immediate profit （ D） drives out basic research 11 Basic research is vital because _. （ A） it leads to results that can be appreciated （ B） it is driven out by applied research （ C） it provides the basis for scientific progress （ D） its results cannot be anticipated 12 The federal gov
33、ernment _. （ A） encourages basic research （ B） devotes more than 90% of its research and development funds to applied research （ C） spends far more on applied research than on military problems （ D） opposes the Foundations grants to basic research 12 For Emily Dickinson there were three worlds, and
34、she lived in all of them, making them the substance of everything that she thought and wrote. There was the world of nature, the things and the creatures that she saw, heard, felt about her, there was the “estate“ that was the world of friendship. And there was the world of the unseen and unheard. F
35、rom her youth she was looked upon as different. She was direct, impulsive, original, and the droll wit who said unconventional things which others thought but dared not speak, and said them incomparably well. The characteristics which made her inscrutable to those who knew her continue to bewilder a
36、nd surprise, for she lived by paradoxes. Certainly the greatest paradox was the fact that the three most pervasive friendships were the most elusive. She saw the Reverend Charles Wadsworth of Philadelphia but three or four times in the course of her life, and then briefly, yet her admiration of him
37、as an ideal and her yearning for him as a person were of us surpassed importance in her growth as a poet. She sought out for professional advice the critic and publicist Thomas Wentworth Higginson and invited his aid as mentor for more than twenty years, though she never once adopted any counsel he
38、dared to hazard. In the last decade of her life, she came to be a warm admirer of the poet and novelist Helen Hunt Jackson, the only qualified judge among Emily Dickinsons contemporaries who believed her to be a great poet, yet Emily Dickinson steadfastly refused to publish even though Mrs. Jackson
39、s importunity was insistent. 13 What is the authors main purpose in the passage? （ A） To provide information about the childhood of Emily Dickinson. （ B） To discuss some of Emily Dickinsons critics. （ C） To give some insight into Emily Dickinsons character and personality. （ D） To comment on the qua
40、lity of Emily Dickinsons poetry. 14 According to the passage, many of the people who knew Emily Dickinson thought of her as _. （ A） sociable （ B） unusual （ C） sad （ D） insensitive 15 According to the passage, Helen Hunt Jackson wanted _. （ A） as much recognition as Emily Dickinson received （ B） her
41、work to be criticized by Emily Dickinson （ C） Emily Dickinson to write better poetry （ D） Emily Dickinsons poetry to be published 16 The authors attitude toward Emily Dickinson is _. （ A） ironic （ B） distant （ C） amused （ D） respectful 16 The average population density of the world is 47 persons per
42、 square mile. Continental densities range from no permanent inhabitants in Antarctica to 211 per square mile in Europe. In the western hemisphere, population densities range from about 4 per square mile in Canada to 675 per square mile in Puerto Rico. In Europe the range is from 4 per square mile in
43、 Iceland to 831 per square mile in the Netherlands. within countries there are wide variations of population densities. For example, in Egypt, the average is 55 persons per square mile, but 1,300 persons inhabit each square mile in settled portions where the land is arable. High population densities
44、 generally occur in regions of developed industrialization, such as the Netherlands, Belgium, and Great Britain, or where lands are intensively used for agriculture, as in Puerto Rico and Java. Low average population densities are characteristic of most underdeveloped countries. Low density of popul
45、ation is generally associated with a relatively low percentage of cultivated land. This generally results from poor-quality lands. It may also be due to natural obstacles to cultivation, such as deserts, mountains or malaria-infested jungles, to land uses other than cultivation, as pasture and fores
46、ted land, to primitive methods that limit cultivation, to social obstacles, and to land ownership systems which keep land out of production. More economically advanced countries of low population density have, as a rule, large proportions of their populations living in urban areas. Their rural popul
47、ation densities are usually very low. Poorer developed countries of correspondingly low general population density, on the other hand, often have a concentration of rural population living on arable land, which is as great as the rural concentration found in the most densely populated industrial cou
48、ntries. 17 Along the banks of the Nile, we may expect to find _. （ A） 1,300 persons （ B） few inhabitants （ C） pyramids （ D） many settlements 18 In timberland areas of the world, _. （ A） there is dense population （ B） we may expect to find malaria-infested jungles （ C） the density of population is re
49、latively low （ D） good quality land is found 19 The title below that best expresses the main idea of this passage is _. （ A） How People Live （ B） Population Distribution （ C） Economics and Population （ D） Population Densities 20 This passage has probably been taken from _. （ A） a gazetteer （ B） an almanac （ C） a textbook on economics （ D） a world geography book 二、 English-Chinese Translation 20 21.Every time you try to answer a question that asks why, you engage in the proces
