1、职称英语（卫生类） A级模拟试卷 22及答案与解析 一、 词汇选项 (第 1-15题，每题 1分，共 15分 ) 下面每个句子中均有 1个词或短语在括号中，请为每处括号部分的词汇或短语确定1个意义最为接近选项。 1 It is difficult to get young people to plan for their old age, which seems very distant to them. （ A） impossible （ B） faraway （ C） observable （ D） fearful 2 Enamel, the hardest substance in a
2、human beings body, covers the entire crown of the tooth. （ A） whole （ B） inseparable （ C） superficial （ D） main 3 Grouping stars by constellations is a handy way of mapping the sky. （ A） nice （ B） funny （ C） manual （ D） convenient 4 Evolution has hardly changed the horseshoe crab over millions of ye
3、ars. （ A） carefully （ B） probably （ C） scarcely （ D） slowly 5 Although fish have no vocal organs, they still are able to make noises. （ A） signals （ B） bubbles （ C） sounds （ D） ripples 6 An oyster produces a pearl by coating a grain of sand inside its shell with nacre, a secretion of its body. （ A）
4、makes （ B） attains （ C） binds （ D） cures 7 Glassmaking was the first major industry in the United States. （ A） profitable （ B） productive （ C） sizable （ D） specialized 8 Seasonal variations in tides are due mainly to the gravitational pull of the moon. （ A） merely （ B） mostly （ C） likewise （ D） some
5、what 9 The polar regions are generally covered with ice and snow. （ A） areas （ B） rocks （ C） mountains （ D） seas 10 Structurally, the inside of early Christian churches was simple. （ A） layout （ B） design （ C） interior （ D） content 11 There are notices to the contrary, a great deal of technical writ
6、ing is at best awkward and at worst actually unclear. （ A） denials （ B） laws （ C） attempts （ D） ideas 12 Written records seldom tell social scientists all that they want to know about past cultures. （ A） usually （ B） frequently （ C） hardly ever （ D） never 13 Every country represented in the Olympics
7、 has a National Olympic Committee that selects the athletes who compete in the games. （ A） chooses （ B） honors （ C） supports （ D） trains 14 Genetics is the study of the biological factors that influence heredity and determine variation in living things. （ A） duplicate （ B） affect （ C） clarify （ D） i
8、mprove 15 The atmosphere, a narrow band of gases surrounding the Earth, is maintained by gravitational pull. （ A） clear （ B） freezing （ C） thin （ D） poisonous 二、 阅读判断 (第 16-22题，每题 1分，共 7分 ) 下面的短文后列出了 7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择 A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择 B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择 C。 15 What Is Market?
9、 The word market is used in a number of ways. There is a stock market and an automobile market, a retail market for furniture and a wholesale market for furniture. One person may be going to the market: another may plan to market a product. What, then is a market? A market may be defined as a place
10、where buyers and sellers meet, goods or services are offered for sale. and transfers of ownership occur. A market may also be defined as the demand made by a cer-tain group of potential buyers for a good or service. For instance, there is a farm market for petroleum products. The terms market and de
11、mand are often used interchangeably (they may also be used jointly as market demand. These definitions are not sufficiently precise to be useful to us here. For business purposes we define a market as people or organizations with wants (needs) to satisfy, money to spend, and the willingness to spend
12、 it. Thus in the market demand for any given product or service, there are three factors to consider people or organizations with wants(needs), their purchasing power, and their buying behavior. We shall employ the dictionary definition of needs:the lack of anything that is required, desired, or use
13、ful. We do not limit needs to the narrow physiological requirements of food, clothing and shelter essential for survival. In our discussion the words needs and wants are used synonymously and interchangeably. In a strict interpretation, however, needs would refer to such basic physiological requirem
14、ents as food, clothing, and shelter, while wants would be non-basic preferences. However, in our affluent society, little is to be gained by trying to differentiate between the two. Many of us would see as needs some items that are far beyond food, clothing, and shelter. 16 Markets can be classified
15、 according to what is sold on a market and how goods are sold. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 17 The term “market“ is preferred by sellers while “demand“ is preferred by buyers. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 18 The definition of market for non-business purposes involves three fa
16、ctors; buyers, sellers and goods and services. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 19 The definition of market for business purposes focuses on purchasers. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 20 “Needs“ and “wants“ mean the same in our discussion. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 2
17、1 Strictly speaking, “wants“ refers to peoples emotional needs. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 22 In our rich society, it is pointless to separate peoples needs from their wants. （ A） Right （ B） Wrong （ C） Not mentioned 三、 概括大意 与完成句子 (第 23-30题，每题 1分，共 8分 ) 下面的短文后有 2项测试任务： (1)第 23-26题要求从所给的
18、 6个选项中为第 2-5段每段选择一个最佳标题； (2)第 27-30题要求从所给的 6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。 22 How did English Become a Global Language? 1 The rise of English is a remarkable tale as Professor David Crystal reminds us in his attractive, short book “English as a Global Language. “ 2 It is certainly quite a theme. When Julius Cae
19、sar landed in Britain more than 2, 000 years ago, English did not exist. Five hundred years later, English, virtually incomprehensible to modern ears, was probably spoken by about as few people as currently speak Cherokee, the language of a small North American Indian tribe and with as little influe
20、nce. About 1, 000 years later, at the end of the 16th century, and after the Norman Conquest, the Reformation and the arrival of commercial printing technology, English was the native speech of between 5 million and 7 million people. And yet now look at it. As the second millennium approaches, Engli
21、sh is more widely scattered, more widely spoken and written than any other language has ever been. In the title of the book it has become a truly global language. According to David Crystal, about 2. 09 billion people, well over one-third of the worlds population are routinely exposed to it. 3 As he
22、 rightly points out, what is impressive about this staggering figure is “not so much the grand total but the speed with which expansion has taken place since the 1950s. In 1950, the case for English as a world language would have been no more than plausible. Fifty years on and the case is virtually
23、won. “ 4 So what happened? 5 Someone once said that a language is a dialect with an army and a navy. In other words, when the British navy set out to conquer the world, it set out an “army“ of English speakers. As the British empire spread throughout the world, English became the basis of law commer
24、ce and education. The British empire was succeeded by another (the American) , which shared virtually the same linguistic heritage. American English, which has become the rocket-fuel of the English language, has magically found its way into areas undreamed of 40, let alone 400 years ago. 6 The most
25、valuable part of Crystals study is the section devoted to a speedy analysis of the cultural basis of this global reach, notably the influence of broadcasting, press, advertising, popular music and film. He is also up-to-date and informative in his identification of the World-Wide-Web as a powerful r
26、einforcer of American cultural and linguistic dominance. 7 One of his most interesting passages concerns the role played by the League of Nations, and later the United Nations, in spreading English as an international language in the aftermath of the two world wars. 8 What does the future hold? To t
27、his question, Crystal proposes the recognition of a new form of English WSSE(World Standard Spoken English) which almost by definition rules out the possibility that English would fragment into mutually unintelligible languages as Latin once did . “English, in some shape or form, will find itself in
28、 the service of the world community forever, “Crystal writes. A The future of English B The speed of the spread of English C The role played by culture and the net D The role played by military expansion E The role played by education F The 2, 000 years of English 23 Paragraph _ 24 Paragraph _ 25 Pa
29、ragraph _ 26 Paragraph _ 26 A because of their similarity B that we would not be able to understand it at all C to the popularization of English as a world language D the trend to become a global language E what once happened to Latin F but the speed with which 27 The kind of English spoken 1, 500 y
30、ears ago was so different from the English we speak today 28 What impresses people most is not the increasing number of speakers of English found all over the world, _ the language has spread in the past half century or so. 29 The two international organizations founded after the two world was made
31、their contributions _. 30 Crystal expresses the belief that in the future_ will not happen to English. 四、 阅读理解 (第 31-45题，每题 3分，共 45分 ) 下面有 3篇短文后有 5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题选 1个最佳选项。 30 Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor The leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are mor
32、e likely to develop the disease from smoking, said medical experts after a five-year research study. Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer. They said patients are younger, especially women. According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute, more
33、 local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else. Following breast cancer, it has the second-highest incidence rate. “An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer, “ said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatme
34、nt Center. He followed 2, 276 lung cancer patients for five years. Among them, 1, 433 were male. Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke, according to the report. However, more than 60 percent o
35、f women with the disease had long term, close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about irritated eyes and throat. About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of womens bedrooms were adjacent to the kitchen. However, local
36、women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer. Some claimed they may change food preparation methods. “Unless my family and I dont eat at home every day, I must stay in the kitchen to cook, “ said Xu Li, a 45-year-old local woman. “I know the fumes are bad for the skin, but it
37、 is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer. I have already started frying less. “ Doctors said womens lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition, but was closely related to family cancer history, unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems. Other exper
38、ts agreed with He. “Smoking is by far the biggest cause of lung cancer for men, “ said Dr Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan Universitys Medical College. “Its true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women. “ Hes research also
39、 warned people not to stand near of stalls selling fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used. The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time, experts said. 31 What a new tendency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers? _ （ A） Men are mo
40、re likely to develop lung cancer than women. （ B） Women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men. （ C） Patients with lung cancer become older, especially males. （ D） Patients with lung cancer become younger, especially females. 32 Which of the following diseases is the most common among the l
41、ocal residents in Shanghai? _ （ A） Heart disease. （ B） Breast cancer. （ C） Infectious diseases. （ D） Lung cancer. 33 What symptoms may be complained of by most women with lung cancer after long term. Close contact with cooking oil fumes? _ （ A） Irritated eyes and throat. （ B） Severe pain in both lun
42、gs. （ C） Continuous cough and headache. （ D） Difficulty in breathing. 34 What was the local womens reaction when they learned that cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer? _ （ A） Happy. （ B） Surprised. （ C） Angry. （ D） Careless. 35 Which of the following has relatively little connection with womens l
43、ung cancer? _ （ A） Family cancer history. （ B） Unhealthy dietary habits. （ C） Weak immune systems. （ D） Personal health and physical condition. 35 Some People do not Taste Salt Like Others Low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others, according to a study by a Penn State College
44、of Agricultural Sciences food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat. Those conclusions are important because recent, well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to a
45、ccept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others, pointed out John Hayes, assistant professor of food science, who was lead investigator on the study. Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food comp
46、anies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption. The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips, on multiple
47、occasions, spread out over weeks. Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women, reportedly healthy, ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly
48、used scientific scale, ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind. “Most of us like the taste of salt. However, some individuals eat more salt, both because they like the taste of saltiness more, and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food, “ said Ha
49、yes. “Supertasters, people who experience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than do nontasters. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, and at least for these foods, more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more. “ However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese, Hayes noted. “For example, cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk, but also bitter t
