1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 62及答案与解析 一、 Reading Module (60 minutes) 0 THE DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOGRAPHY The Deporrmenr of Ethnography was created as a separate department within the British Museum in 1946, after 140 years of gradual development from the original Deportment of Antiquities. If is concerned with the people
2、 of Africa, the Americas, Asia, the Pacific and parts of Europe. While this includes complex kingdoms, as in Africa, and ancient empires, such as those of the Americas, the primary focus of attention in the twentieth century has been on small-scale societies. Through its collections, the Departments
3、 specific interest is to document how objects are created and used, and to understand their importance and significance to those who produce them. Such objects can include both the extraordinary and the mundane, the beautiful and the banal.The collections of the Department of Ethnography include app
4、roximately 300,000 artefacts, of which about half are the product of the present century. The Department has a vital role to play in providing information on non-Western cultures to visitors ond scholars. To this end, the collecting emphasis has often been less on individual objects than on groups o
5、f material which allow the display of a broad range of a societys cultural expressions.Much of the more recent collecting was carried out in the field, sometimes by Museum staff working on general anrhro-pological projects in collaboration with a wide variety of national governments and other instit
6、utions. The material collected includes great technical series - for instance, of textiles from Bolivia, Guatemala, Indonesia and areas of West Africa - or of artefact types such as boots. The latter include working examples of coracles from India, reed boars from Lake Tiricaco in the Andes, kayaks
7、from the Arctic, and dug-out canoes from several countries. The field assemblages, such as rhose from the Sudan, Madagascar and Yemen, include a whole range of material culture represenrative of one people. This mighr cover the necessities of life of on Africon herdsman or on Arabian farmer, ritual
8、objects, or even on occasion airport art. Again, a series of acquisitions might represent a decades fieldwork documenting social experience as expressed in the varieties of clothing and jewellery styles, tents and camel trappings from various Middle Eastern countries, or in the developing preference
9、s in personal adornment and dress from Papua New Guinea. Particularly interesting are a series of collections which continue to document the evolution of ceremony and of material forms for which rhe Department already possesses early(if not the earliesr)collections formed after the first contact wit
10、h Europeans.The importance of these acquisitions extends beyond the objects themselves. They come to the Museum with documentation of the social context, ideally including photographic records. Such acquisitions have multiple purposes. Most significantly they document for future change. Most people
11、think of the cultures represented in the collection in terms of the absence of advanced technology. In fact, traditional practices draw on a continuing wealth of technological ingenuity. Limited resources and ecological constraints are often overcome by personal skills that would be regarded as exce
12、ptional in the West. Of growing interest is the way in which much of what we might see as disposable is, elsewhere, recycled and reused.With the independence of much of Asia and Africa after 1945, it was assumed that economic progress would rapidly lead to the disappearance or assimilation of many s
13、mall-scale societies. Therefore, it was felt that the Museum should acquire materials representing people whose art or material culture, ritual or political structures were on rhe point of irrevocable change. This attitude altered with the realisation that marginal communiries can survive and adapt
14、in spite of partial integration info a notoriously fickle world economy. Since rhe seventeenth century, wirh rhe advent of trading companies exporting manufactured Textiles to North America and Asia, the importation of cheap goods has often contributed to the destruction of local skills and indigeno
15、us markers. On rhe one hand modern imported goods may be used in an everyday setting, while on the other hand other traditional objects may still be required for ritually significant events. Within this context trade and exchange attitudes are inverted. What are utilitarian objects to a Westerner ma
16、y be prized objects in other cultures - when transformed by local ingenuity - principally for aesthetic value. In the same way, the West imports goods from other peoples and in certain circumstances categorises them as art.Collections act as an ever-expanding database, not merely for scholars and an
17、rhropologists, but for people involved in a whole range of educational and artistic purposes. These include schools and universiries as well as colleges of art and design. The provision of informarion abour non-Western aesthetics and techniques, not just for designers and artists but for all visitor
18、s, is a growing responsibility for a Department whose own context is an increasingly multicultural European society.Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the pas
19、sageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passageExample AnswerThe Department of Ethnography FALSEreplaced the Department of Antiquities at the British Museum. 1 The twentieth-century collections come mainly from mainstream societies
20、 such as the US and Europe. 2 The Department of Ethnography focuses mainly on modern societies. 3 The Department concentrates on collecting single unrelated objects of great value. 4 The textile collection of the Department of Ethnography is the largest in the world. 5 Traditional societies are high
21、ly inventive in terms of technology. 6 Many small-scale societies have survived and adapted in spite of predictions to the contrary. 6 Some of the exhibits at the Department of Ethnography are listed below(Questions 7-12). The writer gives these exhibits as examples of different collection types. Ma
22、tch each exhibit with the collection type with which it is associated in Reading Passage 1. Write the appropriate letters in boxes 7-12 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any collection type more than once. Collection Types AT Artefact Types EC Evolution of Ceremony FA Field Assemblages SE Social
23、Experience TS Technical Series Example Answer Boats AT 7 Bolivian textiles 8 Indian coracles 9 airport art 10 Arctic kayaks 11 necessities of life of an Arabian farmer 12 tents from the Middle East 12 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 13-25 which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the fo
24、llowing pages. Questions 13-15 Reading Passage 2 has six sections A-F. Choose the most suitable headings for sections A, B and Dfrom the list of headings below. Write the appropriate numbers i-vii in boxes 13-15 on your answer sheet. List of Headings i Amazonia as unable to sustain complex societies
25、 ii The role of recent technology in ecological research in Amazonia iii The hostility of the indigenous population to North American influences iv Recent evidence v Early research among the Indian Amazons vi The influence of prehistoric inhabitants on Amazonian natural history vii The great difficu
26、lty of changing local attitudes and practices Secrets of the Forest A In 1942 Allan R Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology from Yale University, USA, ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian Amazonia and searched out an isolated band of Siriono Indians. The Siriono, Holmberg later wrote, le
27、d a “strikingly backward“ existence. Their villages were little more than clusters of thatched huts. Life itself was a perpetual and punishing search for food: some families grew manioc and other starchy crops in small garden plots cleared from the forest, while other members of the tribe scoured th
28、e country for small game and promising fish holes. When local resources became depleted, the tribe moved on. As for technology, Holmberg noted, the Siriono “may be classified among the most handicapped peoples of the world“. Other than bows, arrows and crude digging sticks, the only tools the Sirion
29、o seemed to possess were “two machetes worn to the size of pocket-knives“. B Although the lives of the Siriono have changed in the intervening decades, the image of them as Stone Age relics has endured. Indeed, in many respects the Siriono epitomize the popular conception of life in Amazonia. To cas
30、ual observers, as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners, the luxuriant forests of Amazonia seem ageless, unconquerable, a habitat totally hostile to human civilization. The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life has been judged an evolutionary adaptation to forest ecolo
31、gy, living proof that Amazonia could not - and cannot - sustain a more complex society. Archaeological traces of far more elaborate cultures have been dismissed as the ruins of invaders from outside the region, abandoned to decay in the uncompromising tropical environment. C The popular conception o
32、f Amazonia and its native residents would be enormously consequential if it were true. But the human history of Amazonia in the past 11,000 years betrays that view as myth. Evidence gathered in recent years from anthropology and archaeology indicates that the region has supported a series of indigen
33、ous cultures for eleven thousand years; an extensive network of complex societies - some with populations perhaps as large as 100,000 - thrived there for more than 1,000 years before the arrival of Europeans.(Indeed, some contemporary tribes, including the Siriono, still live among the earthworks of
34、 earlier cultures.)Far from being evolutionarily retarded, prehistoric Amazonian people developed technologies and cultures that were advanced for their time. If the lives of Indians today seem “primitive“, the appearance is not the result of some environmental adaptation or ecological barrier; rath
35、er it is a comparatively recent adaptation to centuries of economic and political pressure. Investigators who argue otherwise have unwittingly projected the present onto the past. D The evidence for a revised view of Amazonia will take many people by surprise. Ecologists have assumed that tropical e
36、cosystems were shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their research on habitats they believe have escaped human influence. But as the University of Florida ecologist, Peter Feinsinger, has noted, an approach that leaves people out of the equation is no longer tenable. The archaeolo
37、gical evidence shows that the natural history of Amazonia is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants. E The realization comes none too soon. In June 1992 political and environmental leaders from across the world met in Rio de Janeiro to discuss how developing cou
38、ntries can advance their economies without destroying their natural resources. The challenge is especially difficult in Amazonia. Because the tropical forest has been depicted as ecologically unfit for large-scale human occupation, some environmentalists have opposed development of any kind. Ironica
39、lly, one major casualty of that extreme position has been the environment itself. While policy makers struggle to define and implement appropriate legislation, development of the most destructive kind has continued apace over vast areas. F The other major casualty of the “naturalism“ of environmenta
40、l scientists has been the indigenous Amazonians, whose habits of hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn cultivation often have been represented as harmful to the habitat. In the clash between environmentalists and developers, the Indians, whose presence is in fact crucial to the survival of the forest
41、, have suffered the most. The new understanding of the pre-history of Amazonia, however, points toward a middle ground. Archaeology makes clear that with judicious management selected parts of the region could support more people than anyone thought before. The long-buried past, it seems, offers hop
42、e for the future. 13 Section A 14 Section B 15 Section D 15 Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 16-21 on your answer sheet write YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
43、NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this Example Answer The prehistoric inhabitants of NO Amazonia were relatively backward in technological terms. 16 The reason for the simplicity of the Indian way of life is that Amazonia has always been unable to support a more compl
44、ex society. 17 There is a crucial popular misconception about the human history of Amazonia. 18 There are lessons to be learned from similar ecosystems in other parts of the world. 19 Most ecologists were aware that the areas of Amazonia they were working in had been shaped by human settlement. 20 T
45、he indigenous Amazonian Indians are necessary to the well-being of the forest. 21 It would be possible for certain parts of Amazonia to support a higher population. 22 In 194the US anthropology student concluded that the Siriono （ A） were unusually aggressive and cruel. （ B） had had their way of lif
46、e destroyed by invaders. （ C） were an extremely primitive society. （ D） had only recently made permanent settlements. 23 The author believes recent discoveries of the remains of complex societies in Amazonia （ A） are evidence of early indigenous communities. （ B） are the remains of settlements by in
47、vaders. （ C） are the ruins of communities established since the European invasions. （ D） show the region has only relatively recently been covered by forest. 24 The assumption that the tropical ecosystem of Amazonia has been created solely by natural forces （ A） has often been questioned by ecologis
48、ts in the past. （ B） has been shown to be incorrect by recent research. （ C） was made by Peter Feinsinger and other ecologists. （ D） has led to some fruitful discoveries. 25 The application of our new insights into the Amazonian past would （ A） warn us against allowing any development at all. （ B） c
49、ause further suffering to the Indian communities. （ C） change present policies on development in the region. （ D） reduce the amount of hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn. 25 HIGHS & LOWS Hormone levels - and hence our moods -may be affected by the weather. Gloomy weather can cause depression, but sunshine appears to raise the spirits. In Britain, for example, the dull weather of winter drastically cuts down the amount of sunlight that is experienced which strongly affects some people. They become so depressed and lacking in energy that their work and social life are affe
