1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 88及答案与解析 0 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. The Rufous Hare-Wallaby The Rufous Hare-Wallaby is a species of Australian kangaroo, usually known by its Aboriginal name, mala. At one time, there may have been as many as ten mill
2、ion of these little animals across the arid and semi-arid landscape of Australia, but their populations, like those of so many other small endemic species, were devastated when cats and foxes were introduced indeed, during the 1950s it was thought that the mala was extinct. But in 1964, a small colo
3、ny was found 450 miles northwest of Alice Springs in the Tanami Desert. And 12 years later, a second small colony was found nearby. Very extensive surveys were made throughout historical mala range but no other traces were found. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, scientists from the Parks and Wildlife
4、 Commission of the Northern Territory monitored these two populations. At first it seemed that they were holding their own. Then in late 1987, every one of the individuals of the second and smaller of the wild colonies was killed. From examination of the tracks in the sand, it seemed that just one s
5、ingle fox had been responsible. And then, in October 1991, a wild-fire destroyed the entire area occupied by the remaining colony. Thus the mala was finally pronounced extinct in the wild. Fortunately, ten years earlier, seven individuals had been captured, and had become the founders of a captive b
6、reeding programme at the Arid Zone Research Institute in Alice Springs; and that group had thrived. Part of this success is due to the fact that the female can breed when she is just five months old and can produce up to three young a year. Like other kangaroo species, the mother carries her young k
7、nown as a joey in her pouch for about 15 weeks, and she can have more than one joey at the same time. In the early 1980s, there were enough mala in the captive population to make it feasible to start a reintroduction programme. But first it was necessary to discuss this with the leaders of the Yapa
8、people. Traditionally, the mala had been an important animal in their culture, with strong medicinal powers for old people. It had also been an important food source, and there were concerns that any mala returned to the wild would be killed for the pot. And so, in 1980, a group of key Yapa men was
9、invited to visit the proposed reintroduction area. The skills and knowledge of the Yapa would play a significant and enduring role in this and all other mala projects. With the help of the local Yapa, an electric fence was erected around 250 acres of suitable habitat, about 300 miles northwest of Al
10、ice Springs so that the mala could adapt while protected from predators. By 1992, there were about 150 mala in their enclosure, which became known as the Mala Paddock. However, all attempts to reintroduce mala from the paddocks into the unfenced wild were unsuccessful, so in the end the reintroducti
11、on programme was abandoned. The team now faced a situation where mala could be bred, but not released into the wild again. Thus, in 1993, a Mala Recovery Team was established to boost mala numbers, and goals for a new programme were set: the team concentrated on finding suitable predator-free or pre
12、dator-controlled conservation sites within the malas known range. Finally, in March 1999, twelve adult females, eight adult males, and eight joeys were transferred from the Mala Paddock to Dryandra Woodland in Western Australia. Then, a few months later, a second group was transferred to Trimouille,
13、 an island off the coast of western Australia. First, it had been necessary to rid the island of rats and cats a task that had taken two years of hard work. Six weeks after their release into this conservation site, a team returned to the island to find out how things were going. Each of the malas h
14、ad been fitted with a radio collar that transmits for about 14 months, after which it falls off. The team was able to locate 29 out of the 30 transmitters only one came from the collar of a mala that had died of unknown causes. So far the recovery programme had gone even better than expected. Today,
15、 there are many signs suggesting that the mala population on the island is continuing to do well. Questions 1-5 Complete the flow chart below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. The Wild Australian mala Distant past: total population of up to 【 R1】 _in
16、desert and semi-desert regions. Populations of malas were destroyed by 【 R2】 _. 1964/1976: two surviving colonies were discovered. Scientists 【 R3】 _the colonies. 1987: one of the colonies was completely destroyed. 1991: the other colony was destroyed by 【 R4】 _. The wild mala was declared 【 R5】 _.
17、1 【 R1】 2 【 R2】 3 【 R3】 4 【 R4】 5 【 R5】 5 Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. 6 At what age can female malas start breeding? 7 For about how long do young malas stay inside their mothers pouch? 8 Apart from being a food source
18、, what value did maias have for the Yapa people? 9 What was the Yapas lasting contribution to the mala reintroduction programme? 9 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contrad
19、icts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 10 Natural defences were sufficient to protect the area called Mala Paddock. 11 Scientists eventually gave up their efforts to release captive mala into the unprotected wild. 12 The mala population which was transferred to Dryandra Wo
20、odland quickly increased in size. 13 Scientists were satisfied with the initial results of the recovery programme. 13 Measures to combat infectious disease in tsarist Russia A In the second half of the seventeenth century, Russian authorities began implementing controls at the borders of their empir
21、e to prevent the importation of plague, a highly infectious and dangerous disease. Information on disease outbreak occurring abroad was regularly reported to the tsars court through various means, including commercial channels(travelling merchants), military personnel deployed abroad, undercover age
22、nts, the network of Imperial Foreign Office embassies and representations abroad, and the customs offices. For instance, the heads of customs offices were instructed to question foreigners entering Russia about possible epidemics of dangerous diseases in their respective countries. B If news of an o
23、utbreak came from abroad, relations with the affected country were suspended. For instance, foreign vessels were not allowed to dock in Russian ports if there was credible information about the existence of epidemics in countries from whence they had departed. In addition, all foreigners entering Ru
24、ssia from those countries had to undergo quarantine. In 1665, after receiving news about a plague epidemic in England, Tsar Alexei wrote a letter to King Charles II in which he announced the cessation of Russian trade relations with England and other foreign states. These protective measures appeare
25、d to have been effective, as the country did not record any cases of plague during that year and in the next three decades. It was not until 1692 that another plague outbreak was recorded in the Russian province of Astrakhan. This epidemic continued for five months and killed 10,383 people, or about
26、 65 percent of the citys population. By the end of the seventeenth century, preventative measures had been widely introduced in Russia, including the isolation of persons ill with plague, the imposition of quarantines, and the distribution of explanatory public health notices about plague outbreaks.
27、 C During the eighteenth century, although none of the occurrences was of the same scale as in the past, plague appeared in Russia several times. For instance, from 1703 to 1705, a plague outbreak that had ravaged Istanbul spread to the Podolsk and Kiev provinces in Russia, and then to Poland and Hu
28、ngary. After defeating the Swedes in the battle of Poltava in 1709, Tsar Peter I(Peter the Great)dispatched part of his army to Poland, where plague had been raging for two years. Despite preventive measures, the disease spread among the Russian troops. In 1710, the plague reached Riga(then part of
29、Sweden, now the capital of Latvia), where it was active until 1711 and claimed 60,000 lives. During this period, the Russians besieged Riga and, after the Swedes had surrendered the city in 1710, the Russian army lost 9,800 soldiers to the plague. Russian military chronicles of the time note that mo
30、re soldiers died of the disease after the capture of Riga than from enemy fire during the siege of that city. D Tsar Peter I imposed strict measures to prevent the spread of plague during these conflicts. Soldiers suspected of being infected were isolated and taken to areas far from military camps.
31、In addition, camps were designed to separate divisions, detachments, and smaller units of soldiers. When plague reached Narva(located in present-day Estonia)and threatened to spread to St. Petersburg, the newly built capital of Russia, Tsar Peter I ordered the army to cordon off the entire boundary
32、along the Luga River, including temporarily halting all activity on the river. In order to prevent the movement of people and goods from Narva to St. Petersburg and Novgorod, roadblocks and checkpoints were set up on all roads. The tsars orders were rigorously enforced, and those who disobeyed were
33、hung. E However, although the Russian authorities applied such methods to contain the spread of the disease and limit the number of victims, all of the measures had a provisional character: they were intended to respond to a specific outbreak, and were not designed as a coherent set of measures to b
34、e implemented systematically at the first sign of plague. The advent of such a standard response system came a few years later. F The first attempts to organise procedures and carry out proactive steps to control plague date to the aftermath of the 1727 1728 epidemic in Astrakhan. In response to thi
35、s, the Russian imperial authorities issued several decrees aimed at controlling the future spread of plague. Among these decrees, the Instructions for Governors and Heads of Townships required that all governors immediately inform the Senate a government body created by Tsar Peter I in 1711 to advis
36、e the monarch if plague cases were detected in their respective provinces. Furthermore, the decree required that governors ensure the physical examination of all persons suspected of carrying the disease and their subsequent isolation. In addition, it was ordered that sites where plague victims were
37、 found had to be encircled by checkpoints and isolated for the duration of the outbreak. These checkpoints were to remain operational for at least six weeks. The houses of infected persons were to be burned along with all of the personal property they contained, including farm animals and cattle. Th
38、e governors were instructed to inform the neighbouring provinces and cities about every plague case occurring on their territories. Finally, letters brought by couriers were heated above a fire before being copied. G The implementation by the authorities of these combined measures demonstrates their
39、 intuitive understanding of the importance of the timely isolation of infected people to limit the spread of plague. Reading Passage 2 has SEVEN sections, A-G. Choose the correct heading for sections A-F from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-viii. List of Headings i Outbreaks
40、of plague as a result of military campaigns. ii Systematic intelligence-gathering about external cases of plague. iii Early forms of treatment for plague victims. iv The general limitations of early Russian anti-plague measures. v Partly successful bans against foreign states affected by plague. vi
41、Hostile reactions from foreign states to Russian anti-plague measures. vii Various measures to limit outbreaks of plague associated with war. viii The formulation and publication of preventive strategies. 14 Section A_ 15 Section B_ 16 SectionC_ 17 Section D_ 18 Section E_ 19 Section F_ 19 Choose TW
42、O letters, A-E. Write the correct letters. Which TWO measures did Russia take in the seventeenth century to avoid plague outbreaks? A Cooperation with foreign leaders. B Spying. C Military campaigns. D Restrictions on access to its ports. E Expulsion of foreigners. 21 Choose TWO letters, A-E. Write
43、the correct letters. Which TWO statements are made about Russia in the early eighteenth century? A Plague outbreaks were consistently smaller than before. B Military casualties at Riga exceeded the number of plague victims. C The design of military camps allowed plague to spread quickly. D The tsars
44、 plan to protect St. Petersburg from plague was not strictly implemented. E Anti-plague measures were generally reactive rather than strategic. 23 Complete the sentences below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. 24 An outbreak of plague in_prompted the publication of a coherent p
45、reventative strategy. 25 Provincial governors were ordered to burn the_and possessions of plague victims. 26 Correspondence was held over a_prior to copying it. 26 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. Recovering a damaged reputation In 200
46、9, it was revealed that some of the information published by the University of East Anglias Climatic Research Unit(CRU)in the UK, concerning climate change, had been inaccurate. Furthermore, it was alleged that some of the relevant statistics had been withheld from publication. The ensuing controver
47、sy affected the reputation not only of that institution, but also of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), with which the CRU is closely involved, and of climate scientists in general. Even if the claims of misconduct and incompetence eventually proven to be largely untrue, or confine
48、d to a few individuals, the damage was done. The perceived wrongdoings of a few people had raised doubts about the many. The response of most climate scientists was to cross their fingers and hope for the best, and they kept a low profile. Many no doubt hoped that subsequent independent inquiries in
49、to the IPCC and CRU would draw a line under their problems. However, although these were likely to help, they were unlikely to undo the harm caused by months of hostile news reports and attacks by critics. The damage that has been done should not be underestimated. As Ralph Cicerone, the President of the US National Academy of Sciences, wrote in an editorial in the journal Science: Public opinion has moved toward the view that scientists often try to suppress alternative hypotheses a
